scholarly journals Considerations on the role of olfactory input in avian navigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 220 (23) ◽  
pp. 4347-4350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roswitha Wiltschko ◽  
Wolfgang Wiltschko
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Input ◽  
Avian Navigation

scholarly journals Asymmetrical Processing of Olfactory Input in the Piriform Cortex Mediates “Activation” of the Avian Navigation Circuitry

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 745-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo E. Jorge ◽  
Paulo A.M. Marques ◽  
Belmiro V. Pinto ◽  
John B. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Piriform Cortex ◽  
Olfactory Input ◽  
Avian Navigation

Convergence of Olfactory Inputs within the Central Nervous System of a Cartilaginous and a Bony Fish: An Anatomical Indicator of Olfactory Sensitivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 139-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Camilieri-Asch ◽  
Kara E. Yopak ◽  
Alethea Rea ◽  
Jonathan D. Mitchell ◽  
Julian C. Partridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Axon Diameter ◽  
Olfactory Pathway ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Olfactory Input ◽  
Bamboo Shark ◽  
The Brain

The volume of the olfactory bulbs (OBs) relative to the brain has been used previously as a proxy for olfactory capabilities in many vertebrate taxa, including fishes. Although this gross approach has predictive power, a more accurate assessment of the number of afferent olfactory inputs and the convergence of this information at the level of the telencephalon is critical to our understanding of the role of olfaction in the behaviour of fishes. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy to assess the number of first-order axons within the olfactory nerve (ON) and the number of second-order axons in the olfactory peduncle (OP) in established model species within cartilaginous (brownbanded bamboo shark, <i>Chiloscyllium punctatum</i> [CP]) and bony (common goldfish, <i>Carassius auratus</i> [CA]) fishes. The total number of axons varied from a mean of 18.12 ± 7.50 million in the ON to a mean of 0.38 ± 0.21 million in the OP of CP, versus 0.48 ± 0.16 million in the ON and 0.09 ± 0.02 million in the OP of CA. This resulted in a convergence ratio of approximately 50:1 and 5:1, respectively, for these two species. Based on astroglial ensheathing, axon type (unmyelinated [UM] and myelinated [M]) and axon size, we found no differentiated tracts in the OP of CP, whereas a lateral and a medial tract (both of which could be subdivided into two bundles or areas) were identified for CA, as previously described. Linear regression analyses revealed significant differences not only in axon density between species and locations (nerves and peduncles), but also in axon type and axon diameter (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). However, UM axon diameter was larger in the OPs than in the nerve in both species (<i>p</i> = 0.005), with no significant differences in UM axon diameter in the ON (<i>p</i> = 0.06) between species. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the neuroanatomical organisation of the ascending olfactory pathway in two fish taxa and a quantitative anatomical comparison of the summation of olfactory information. Our results support the assertion that relative OB volume is a good indicator of the level of olfactory input and thereby a proxy for olfactory capabilities.

The function of olfactory input in pigeon orientation: does it provide navigational information or play another role?

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Wiltschko
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Olfactory Orientation ◽  
Navigational Cues ◽  
Homing Performance ◽  
Olfactory Input ◽  
Series Of Experiments

In 1972, Papi and his colleagues reported that anosmic pigeons were severely impaired in orientation and homing performance. This observation was followed up in a series of experiments involving numerous elaborate experimental manipulations. On the basis of their results, the hypothesis of olfactory navigation was proposed. Attempts to replicate these findings at other lofts produced widely differing effects, which suggested a highly variable role of olfaction. However, meteorological data, as well as certain other aspects of the findings, throw doubt on the role of odours as navigational cues. (1) Odours of the required characteristics and distribution do not seem to exist. (2) Some effects of 'olfactory' manipulations do not seem to depend on the availability of odours. (3) Olfactory treatments proved mostly effective, but often the effect was not as predicted. In view of these findings, explanations other than olfactory orientation cannot be excluded; accepting olfactory input as navigational information seems premature. Some of the findings are in agreement with the assumption that olfactory manipulations impair the birds' general processing and integration of information in some unknown way.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of affect in feelings of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefen Beeler-Duden ◽  
Meltem Yucel ◽  
Amrisha Vaish
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract Tomasello offers a compelling account of the emergence of humans’ sense of obligation. We suggest that more needs to be said about the role of affect in the creation of obligations. We also argue that positive emotions such as gratitude evolved to encourage individuals to fulfill cooperative obligations without the negative quality that Tomasello proposes is inherent in obligations.

Refining our understanding of the “elephant in the room”

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Whiten
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Technological Culture

Abstract The authors do the field of cultural evolution a service by exploring the role of non-social cognition in human cumulative technological culture, truly neglected in comparison with socio-cognitive abilities frequently assumed to be the primary drivers. Some specifics of their delineation of the critical factors are problematic, however. I highlight recent chimpanzee–human comparative findings that should help refine such analyses.

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