scholarly journals The Actions of Proctolin, Octopamine and Serotonin on Crustacean Proprioceptors Show Species and Neurone Specificity

1990 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 485-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
VALERIE M. PASZTOR ◽  
DAVID L. MACMILLAN
Keyword(s):  
General Property ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Primary Afferents ◽  
Stretch Receptor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Broad Distribution ◽  
Cherax Destructor ◽  
Receptor Organ ◽  
Comparative Survey

A comparative survey is presented of the responsiveness of crustacean mechanoreceptors to the neurohormones proctolin, octopamine and serotonin. Seven identifiable primary afferents were examined in the crayfish Cherax destructor and the lobster Homarus americanus: three from the oval organ (OO) of the second maxilla, two from the non-spiking stretch receptor (NSSR) of the swimmeret and two from the muscle receptor organ (MRO) of the abdomen. Proctolin modulation was observed in 10 of the 14 fibres tested and was invariably potentiating, resulting in enhanced receptor potential amplitudes and increased firing. Octopamine and serotonin each modulated 8 of the 14 fibres and their effects were excitatory or depressive depending upon the target fibre. In the latter case the receptor potentials became attenuated, often to subthreshold levels, with loss of spiking. A comparison of results from Cherax with those of Homarus shows that there is species specificity in the responses of homologous neurones. Neurohormones that are excitatory in one species may be ineffective or depressive in the other. The broad distribution of modulatory effects observed here suggests that sensitivity to biogenic amines and peptides is a general property of proprioceptors.

Control of abdominal extension in the freely moving intact crayfish cherax destructor. I. Activity Of the tonic stretch receptor

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Mccarthy ◽  
D.L. Macmillan
Keyword(s):  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Stretch Receptor ◽  
Sensory Neurone ◽  
Muscle Receptor ◽  
Cherax Destructor ◽  
Tonic Muscle ◽  
Receptor Organ ◽  
Servo Loop ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
Freely Moving

Electrical recordings were made from the sensory neurone of the tonic muscle receptor organ in the abdomen of the intact, freely behaving crayfish Cherax destructor. Slow extensions of the abdomen were evoked by lowering a platform from beneath the suspended crayfish, and the movements and tonic sensory neurone activity were video-recorded simultaneously. The recordings showed that the tonic sensory neurone was active when the abdomen was fully flexed prior to the extension. When the extension began, however, the sensory neurone ceased firing shortly after movement was detected, irrespective of the load applied to the abdomen. When the abdomen was physically blocked from extending fully, the sensory neurone did not fire. The tonic muscle receptor organ is considered to be the length-detecting sensor for a load-compensating servo-loop, but the results demonstrate that its activity pattern during extensions evoked by a platform-drop in C. destructor are not consistent with that role.

A new muscle receptor organ in the antenna of the rock lobster Palinurus vulgaris : mechanical, muscular and proprioceptive organization of the two proximal joints J0 and J1

1983 ◽  
Vol 218 (1210) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chordotonal Organ ◽  
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ◽  
Rock Lobster ◽  
Postsynaptic Potentials ◽  
Muscle Receptor ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Receptor Organ

(i) Following previous work on the morphological and physiological properties of the two distal joints (J2, J3) of the atenna of the rock lobster Palinurus vulgaris , the mechanical, muscular and proprioceptive organization of the two proximal joints between the antennal segments S1 and S2 (J1) and between S1 and the cephalothorax (J0) have now been studied. (ii) Articulated by two classical condyles, J1 moves in a mediolateral plane. One external rotator muscle (ER) and three internal rotator muscles (IR1, IR2, IR3) subserve its movements. J0 is articulated by two different systems: a classical ventrolateral condyle and a complex sliding system constituted by special cuticular structures on the dorsomedial side of the S1 segment and on the rostrum between the two antennae. J0 moves in the dorsoventral plane by means of a levator muscle (Lm) and a depressor muscle (Dm). A third muscle, the lateral tractor muscle (LTm), associated with J0 and lying obliquely across S1, may modulate the level of friction between the S1 segment and the rostrum. (iii) Proprioception in J1 is achieved by a muscle receptor organ AMCO-J1 (antennal myochordotonal organ for the J1 joint) associating a small accessory muscle (S1.am) located in the proximal part of the S1 segment and a chordotonal organ inserted proximally on the S1.am muscle and distally on the S2 segment. J0 proprioception is ensured by a simple chordotonal organ (CO-J0) located in the anterior part of the cephalothorax. (iv) The S1.am muscle is innervated by three motoneurons characterized by their very small diameters and inducing respectively tonic excitatory postsynaptic potentials, phasic excitatory postsynaptic potentials and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Anatomical and physiological observations suggest functional correlation between S1.am and IR1 motor innervation. (v) Mechanical and muscular organization of J0 and J1 are compared with that of the other joints of the antenna. The properties of the AMCO-J1 proprioceptor are discussed in relation to the other muscle receptor organs described in crustaceans.

Spatial and Temporal Overlap of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus) and Sea Scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) as Related to the impact of Inshore Scallop Dragging

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1486-1492 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Roddick ◽  
R. J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
The Other ◽  
American Lobster ◽  
Placopecten Magellanicus ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Sea Scallop ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Temporal Overlap

Assessment of the damage of one fishery by another requires knowledge of the overlap, in time and space, of the damaging fishing effort and the abundance of the damaged species, as well as a measure of the rate of damage. This approach was used to measure the impact of inshore scallop dragging on lobsters in Nova Scotia. Areas of reported co-occurrence of lobster and scallop grounds were surveyed by divers to determine the extent of overlap. Only 2 of 52 sites surveyed had lobsters on scallop grounds that could be dragged. Divers surveyed one site six times during 1987 and 1988 and found lobsters most abundant during August and September. Only 2% of the lobsters in the path of scallop drags were either captured or injured. The estimated value of lobsters destroyed by dragging for scallops during periods of peak lobster abundance was minor: $757 at one site and $176 at the other. Restricting dragging to periods of low lobster abundance significantly reduces this cost.

A NOTE ON THE BIOLOGY OF ANOPLIUS TENUICORNIS (TOURNIER) IN NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: POMPILIDAE)

1987 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-103
Author(s):  
S. Koponen ◽  
M.S. Wasbauer
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Broad Distribution ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
Holarctic Species

Anoplius tenuicornis (Tournier) is a holarctic species with a broad distribution both in Europe (Wolf 1967) and North America (Wasbauer and Kimsey 1985). Despite the widespread occurrence of the species, individuals are not frequently encountered, so it is not surprising that biological information on it has not been available for North America and very little for Europe. Richards and Hamm (1939) gave two fragmentary reports of some significance on A. tenuicornis in England, reported as A. piliventris (Morawitz). In one case, cocoons of the wasp were found in dead thistle stems. In the other, an old burrow of Ectemnius continuus (Fabricius) (Sphecidae) (reported as Solenius) in rotten wood contained a series of wasp cocoons and fragments of clubionid spiders, the presumed prey.

scholarly journals Are orchid bees at risk? First comparative survey suggests declining populations of forest-dependent species

2013 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Nemésio
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbances ◽  
The Other ◽  
Orchid Bees ◽  
Orchid Bee ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
Forest Remnants ◽  
Declining Populations ◽  
Comparative Survey

The two largest Atlantic Forest remnants in the state of Espírito Santo, eastern Brazil, namely ‘Reserva Biológica de Sooretama’ (REBIO Sooretama) and ‘Reserva Natural Vale’ (RNV), were surveyed for their orchid-bee faunas. Seventeen scent baits were used to attract orchid-bee males. Three-thousand, two hundred and twenty-five males belonging to 24 species were actively collected with insect nets during 100 hours in March, April and December, 2009. In comparison with a previous study in the same area twelve years before, it is evident that the abundance of all forest-dependent orchid bees analysed declined around 50%, and it was statistically significant (P = 0.022) for Euglossa marianae Nemésio, 2011, the most sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances of all Atlantic Forest orchid bees. On the other hand, the abundance of populations of species tolerant to open or disturbed areas rose. Possible explanations are discussed.

The Interaction of Procaine with the Nonmyelinated Nerve Axon

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Simpkins ◽  
Elaine Panko ◽  
Sin Tay
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Change ◽  
Potent Inhibitor ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nerve Axon ◽  
Lipid Structure

The interaction of procaine with the nonmyelinated nerve axon from the legs of Homarus americanus was found to produce a conformational change in the lipid structure of the membrane. This conformational change was also observed after treatment of the nerve with acetylcholine bromide but not with any of the following local anesthetics:lidocaine, carbocaine, prilocaine, and nupercaine. It was also found that procaine is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase whereas the other anesthetics at the same concentration had little effect.

Cognitive accessibility predicts word order of couples’ names in English and Japanese

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-249
Author(s):  
Karina Tachihara ◽  
Adele E. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
General Property ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Personal Histories ◽  
Cognitive Accessibility

AbstractWe investigate the order in which speakers produce the proper names of couples they know personally in English and Japanese, two languages with markedly different constituent word orders. Results demonstrate that speakers of both languages tend to produce the name of the person they feel closer to before the name of the other member of the couple (N = 180). In this way, speakers’ unique personal histories give rise to a remarkably systematic linguistic generalization in both English and Japanese. Insofar as closeness serves as an index of cognitive accessibility, the current work demonstrates that systematicity emerges from a domain-general property of memory.

scholarly journals The radular apparatus of cephalopods

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1380) ◽  
pp. 161-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Messenger ◽  
J. Z. Young
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Hard Material ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Front End ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Receptor Organ ◽  
First Time ◽  
Support Rod

This paper describes the ontogeny, breakdown and absorption of the radular teeth of cephalopods and, for the first time, considers the function of the ‘bolsters’ or radular support muscles. The radular ribbon, which bears many regularly arranged transverse rows of teeth one behind the other, lies in a radular canal that emerges from the radular sac. Here the radular teeth are formed by a set of elongate cells with microvilli, the odontoblasts. These are organized into two layers, the outer producing the radular membrane and the bases of the teeth, the inner producing the cusps. The odontoblasts also secrete the hyaline shield and the teeth on the lateral buccal palps, when these are present. At the front end of the radular ribbon the teeth become worn in feeding and are replaced from behind by new ones formed continuously in the radular sac, so that the whole ribbon moves forward during ontogeny. Removal of the old teeth is achieved by cells in the radular organs; these cells, which are formed from modified odontoblasts (‘odontoclasts’), dissolve the teeth and membranes and absorb them. There is a subradular organ in all cephalopods. In Octopus vulgaris , which bores into mollusc shells and crustacean carapaces, it is especially well–developed and there is also a supraradular organ. A characteristic feature of the cephalopod radular apparatus is the pair of large radular support muscles or ‘bolsters’. Their function seems never to have been investigated, but experiments reported here show that when they elongate, the radular teeth become erect at the bending plane and splayed, presumably enhancing their ability to rake food particles into the pharynx. The bolsters of Octopus function as muscular hydrostats: because their volume is fixed, contraction of their powerful transverse muscles causes them to elongate. In decapods and in nautiloids each bolster contains a ‘support rod’ of semi–fluid material, as well as massive transverse musculature. This rod may elongate to erect the radular teeth. At the extreme front end of the bolsters in Octopus there are many nerve fibres that may constitute a receptor organ signalling the movements of the radula against hard material. Such nerves are absent from decapods and from octopods that do not bore holes. The buccal mass of Nautilus is massive, with heavily calcified tips to the beaks and a wide radular ribbon, with 13 rather than nine elements in each row. Nevertheless all the usual coleoid features are present in the radular apparatus and the teeth are formed and broken down in the same way. However, Nautilus has a unique structure, the radular appendage. This comprises a papillate mass extending over the palate in the mid–line and forming paired lateral masses that are in part secretory. The organ is attached to the front of the radula by muscles and connective tissue. Its function is unknown.

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