scholarly journals Oxidative stress during courtship affects male and female reproductive effort differentially in a wild bird with biparental care

2016 ◽  
Vol 219 (24) ◽  
pp. 3915-3926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibiana Montoya ◽  
Mahara Valverde ◽  
Emilio Rojas ◽  
Roxana Torres
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Biparental Care ◽  
Male And Female

scholarly journals Dose-related changes of oxidative stress and cell proliferation in kidneys of male and female F344 rats exposed to potassium bromate

2004 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Umemura ◽  
Yasuki Kitamura ◽  
Keita Kanki ◽  
Satoshi Maruyama ◽  
Kazushi Okazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Potassium Bromate ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
F344 Rats

scholarly journals Oxidative stress induces BH4 deficiency in male, but not female, SHR

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen E. Gillis ◽  
Krystal N. Brinson ◽  
Olga Rafikova ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Jacqueline B. Musall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
No Synthase ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
No Bioavailability ◽  
Renal Inner Medulla ◽  
Relative Deficiency ◽  
To Receive

We previously published that female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have significantly greater nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and NO synthase (NOS) enzymatic activity in the renal inner medulla (IM) compared with age-matched males, although the mechanism responsible remains unknown. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a critical cofactor required for NO generation, and decreases in BH4 as a result of increases in oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. As male SHR are known to have higher levels of oxidative stress compared with female SHR, we hypothesized that relative BH4 deficiency induced by oxidative stress in male SHR results in lower levels of NOS activity in renal IM compared with females. Twelve-week-old male and female SHR were randomized to receive tempol (30 mg/kg/day via drinking water) or vehicle for 2 weeks. Tempol treatment did not affect blood pressure (BP) in either sex, but reduced peroxynitrite levels only in males. Females had more total biopterin, dihydrobiopterin (BH2), and BH4 levels in renal IMs than males, and tempol treatment eliminated these sex differences. Females had greater total NOS activity in the renal IM than males, and adding exogenous BH4 to the assay increased NOS activity in both sexes. This sex difference in total NOS and the effect of exogenous BH4 were abolished with tempol treatment. We conclude that higher oxidative stress in male SHR results in a relative deficiency of BH4 compared with females, resulting in diminished renal NOS activity in the male.

scholarly journals Behavioral and Endocrine Alterations to Partner Interactions and Offspring Care during Periods of Conflict

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Paciorek ◽  
Leese Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Pair Bond ◽  
Biparental Care ◽  
Resident Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Pair Bonds ◽  
Convict Cichlids ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Endocrine Alterations

Abstract Biparental care has evolved to ensure successful rearing of offspring. However, separation during periods of care can lead to conflicts that might negatively impact pair bonds and offspring care. In this study, pair-bonded convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) were observed for changes in behavior toward their partners and offspring before and after a period of separation. Males and females were designated either as a Resident (remain with offspring) or Removed (separated from partner and offspring for 5 days) individual. Behaviors between partners and toward offspring were measured before and after separation, and compared to the levels of behavior of control pairs (never separated), as well as individuals introduced to a novel partner instead. Cortisol levels of Resident male and female A. nigrofasciata were assayed using water-borne hormone collection before and after separation. Aggression between pair bond members did increase following reintroduction, but did not lead to the termination of pair bonds. Resident females showed more aggression to novel partners than Resident males. Offspring care decreased in both Resident and Removed females. Experimental pairs decreased the amount of time spent interacting with intruders. Cortisol levels were significantly higher among experimental pairs compared with control pairs that did not experience a separation. Females (both control and experimental) showed small, yet significant increases in cortisol levels, while both control and experimental males did not. These results suggest that while pair bonds appear resilient, prolonged separations influence pair bond and parental care dynamics, both behaviorally and hormonally, and require pairs to re-establish roles, resulting in less time caring for offspring.

Energy Expenditure in Reproductive Effort of Male and Female Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)

The Auk ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianne H. Brunton
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Mating Effort ◽  
Parental Effort ◽  
Nest Failure ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Charadrius Vociferus

Abstract The reproductive investment strategies of the sexes during the breeding season are detailed for Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), a monogamous plover. I measured the energy investments of the sexes in reproductive, mating, and parental effort. As predicted, males expend more mating effort than females; however, the sexes expend equal amounts of parental effort. Total energy expenditure in reproductive effort (mating and parental effort) during a successful nesting attempt was also equal for the sexes. However, early parental effort expenditures by females, early mating effort expenditures by males, and high rates of nest failure combine to result in female reproductive energy expenditures being significantly higher over the breeding season. This suggests that energy expenditure alone is not adequate for accurate comparisons of the relative investments of the sexes. Studies investigating male and female investments need to consider the degree and pattern of nest failures along with patterns of energy expenditure. The advantages to male and female Killdeer of sharing parental care is demonstrated using adult removal experiments. In general, a deserted parent expends more energy in parental effort than a bi-parental parent and has significantly lower reproductive success. However, males are able to hatch chicks, whereas females lose or abandon their nests within a few days of mate removal. Thus, monogamy in Killdeer appears to result from high nest failure rates, the necessity of two parents for any reproductive success, and the generalizable nature of Killdeer parental care.

The cost of reproduction in women: Reproductive effort and oxidative stress in premenopausal and postmenopausal American women

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. e23069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ziomkiewicz ◽  
Amara Frumkin ◽  
Yawei Zhang ◽  
Amelia Sancilio ◽  
Richard G. Bribiescas
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
American Women ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

259 DOES THE SENSITIVITY TO OXIDATIVE STRESS DEPEND ON THE SEX OF THE EMBRYO?

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 219
Author(s):  
M. Dallemagne ◽  
E. Ghys ◽  
D. De Troy ◽  
I. Donnay
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Immunofluorescent Staining ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sex Effect

Male and female bovine embryos show several differences as early as the blastocyst stage. For example, differences are observed in metabolism, developmental kinetics, or gene expression that can lead to a shift in the sex ratio. Interestingly, the culture medium differentially affects male and female embryos. We previously showed that male Day 7 blastocysts present lower apoptotic rates than females (Ghys et al. 2013 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 25, 194). The objective of the present study was to determine if such difference might be related to a differential sensitivity to oxidative stress, known to increase apoptosis in bovine blastocysts. In vitro-produced embryos were cultured in a SOF-based medium containing 0.4% BSA. At Day 5 post-insemination (pi) all the embryos were transferred in drops containing the same culture medium supplemented or not with 1 mM 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride, an inducer of reactive oxygen species. Blastocysts were collected at Day 7, and apoptosis was evaluated by an immunofluorescent staining of cleaved caspase-3 (8 replicates, n = 175). Total and apoptotic cells were counted using an epifluorescence microscope. As expected, embryos cultured under stress conditions from Day 5 pi presented a lower blastocyst rate at Day 7 (10.9 ± 1.0% v. 23.1 ± 1.9% for the control group; standard least squares, P < 0.0001). The stressed blastocysts also showed fewer cells (113 ± 3 v. 139 ± 4; P < 0.0001) and higher apoptotic rates (15.3 ± 0.9% v. 9.4 ± 0.6%; P < 0.0001). As previously observed, the mean total cell number of the blastocysts was higher for males than females, whatever the culture condition (stress: males: 119 ± 4, females: 108 ± 4; control: males: 144 ± 5, females: 131 ± 6; sex effect: P = 0.005; interaction of sex × condition: P = 0.9). Interestingly, the sex ratio of the blastocysts was significantly different between control and stress conditions (χ2, P = 0.02); whereas a deviation in favour of the male embryos was observed in the control group (males: n = 57, 61%, females: n = 37, 39%; P = 0.04), it disappeared when embryos were submitted to oxidative stress (males: n = 35, 43%, females: n = 46, 57%; P = 0.22). However, oxidative stress had a similar impact on male and female blastocysts regarding the apoptotic rates (stress: males: 15.3 ± 1.3%, females: 15.4 ± 1.3%; control: males: 8.9 ± 0.7%, females: 10.2 ± 1.1%; standard least squares, sex effect: P = 0.99; interaction of sex × condition: P = 0.3). In conclusion, female embryos seem more resistant to oxidative stress than male ones when the stress is induced from Day 5 pi. Oxidative stress has a similar impact on the apoptotic rates in male and female blastocysts. The higher rate of apoptosis previously observed in female blastocysts can thus not be explained by a higher sensitivity of female embryos to oxidative stress. This is in accordance with the higher level of expression of several X-linked genes related to antioxidant pathways in female blastocysts.

178 Cellular and extracellular expression of stress response transcription factors in male and female bovine pre-implantation embryos under oxidative stress conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
M. O. Taqi ◽  
S. Gebremedhn ◽  
D. Salilew-Wondim ◽  
F. Rings ◽  
C. Neuhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Total Cell Count ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Male And Female

Pre-implantation embryo development is a critical stage, in which several development and stress-response related transcription factors (TF) are involved. Exposing embryos to environmental insults alter some of these stress response-related TF. However, their expression pattern in male and female embryos and their release via exosomes is still unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of culture-induced oxidative stress on development and expression pattern of stress-related TF in male and female embryos and in respective spent media coupled with exosomes. For this, bovine male and female zygotes were in vitro produced using sexed semen and cultured under 5% and 20% oxygen in exosome-depleted SOFaa medium (SOF with amino acids). Blastocysts were subjected to total RNA isolation followed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the selected TF (Nrf2, KLF4, NOTCH1, SREBF2, E2F1, CAT1, SOD1, and OCT4), as well as protein abundance analysis using immunofluorescence and related phenotypes analysis, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and total cell count. Furthermore, the spent embryo culture media were collected for exosomes isolation and expression analysis of candidate TF. The data were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by multiple pair-wise comparisons using the Tukey post hoc test. Results showed that the blastocyst rates of both male (29.9% v. 34.9%) and female (16.7% v. 26.5%) bovine embryos were significantly lower in 20% than in 5% oxygen level. Female blastocysts subjected to the higher oxygen level showed increased ROS level (37.66±1.70v. 45.32±2.05 in male and 29.42±1.44v. 45.51±2.06 in female) and significantly reduced total cell count compared with the male embryo counterpart (136.55±7.8v. 112.75±2.9 in male and 138.75±2.0v. 88.25±4.3 in female cultured in 5% and 20% oxygen levels, respectively). Consequently, the expression levels of Nrf2, KLF4, SREBF2, CAT1, SOD1, and OCT4 were significantly increased in male embryos exposed to oxidative stress compared with those cultured under the lower oxygen level. However, NOTCH1 and E2F1 were significantly increased in female embryos exposed to oxidative stress compared with the male counterparts. The mRNA level of SREBF2 was significantly increased in male embryos cultured under both 5% and 20% O2 compared with female embryos. The protein expression level of Nrf2 and KLF4 was higher in embryos cultured at 20% v. 5% O2 with greater Nrf2 abundance in male embryos. Consequently, the male embryos produced at 20% O2 released a higher number of exosomes enriched with Nrf2, SOD1, and NOTCH1 mRNA than the other groups. Interestingly, the exosomal mRNA expression level of E2F1 tended to be higher in female embryos exposed to oxidative stress than their male counterparts. Taken together, the male embryos were more tolerant to oxidative stress than female embryos via the activation Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response and development related TF. The release of these TF via exosomes could enhance cellular homeostasis maintenance under oxidative stress.

Gender differences in myogenic tone in superoxide dismutase knockout mouse: animal model of oxidative stress

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (1) ◽  
pp. H40-H45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukrutha Veerareddy ◽  
Christy-Lynn M. Cooke ◽  
Philip N. Baker ◽  
Sandra T. Davidge
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Vascular Tone ◽  
Vascular Dysfunction ◽  
Mesenteric Arteries ◽  
Myogenic Tone ◽  
Intracellular Enzyme ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Prostaglandin H ◽  
Myogenic Regulation

Oxidative stress mediated by prooxidants has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular disorders. However, the effect of prooxidants on myogenic regulation of vascular function and the differential influence of gender is not known. SOD, an intracellular enzyme, restricts excess prooxidant levels and may limit vascular dysfunction. We therefore tested the effects of Cu,Zn SOD deficiency on vascular tone in both male and female SOD knockout (SOD−/−) mice. We hypothesized that myogenic tone would be enhanced in SOD−/− mice by excess prooxidants compared with wild-type control mice. Indeed, resistance-sized mesenteric arteries from SOD−/− mice exhibited enhanced myogenic tone compared with control mice. Myogenic tone was lower in female than male control mice. Interestingly, this gender effect was absent in SOD−/− mice, such that myogenic tone of mesenteric arteries from females was equated to that of arteries from males. Furthermore, the pathways that modulate myogenic tone were diverse. In both male and female control mice, inhibition of prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathways enhanced myogenic tone. In female SOD−/− mice, inhibition of PGHS and NOS pathways enhanced myogenic tone to a greater extent compared with control mice. Conversely, in male SOD−/− mice, NOS and PGHS inhibition did not alter tone and only inhibition of gap junctions enhanced myogenic tone. In conclusion, this study revealed enhanced myogenic tone in SOD−/− mice compared with control mice. Furthermore, Cu,Zn SOD deficiency particularly enhanced myogenic tone in female mice such that their vascular tone attained the level of male SOD−/− mice, possibly mediated by prooxidants.

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