scholarly journals Effect of thermal acclimation on locomotor energetics and locomotor performance in a lungless salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus

1986 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-283
Author(s):  
M. E. Feder
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Thermal Acclimation ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Mammalian Lung ◽  
Locomotor Energetics ◽  
Desmognathus Ochrophaeus

To determine the effects of thermal acclimation upon locomotor performance and the rate of oxygen consumption (MO2) during activity, small (less than 3 g), lungless salamanders, Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope, were acclimated to three temperatures (5, 13 and 21 degrees C) and exercised at various controlled speeds within an exercise wheel while their MO2 was measured. MO2 increased with speed at low speeds (less than 14 cm min-1). Although animals could sustain greater speeds, MO2 did not increase further. These small, exclusively skin-breathing salamanders could increase their MO2 9–11 times during exercise and could sustain nearly half of the oxygen flux expected across a similar surface area of the mammalian lung. However, their maximum aerobic speed was remarkably slow (14 cm min-1) and their net cost of transport remarkably large (15–17 ml O2 g-1 km-1). Thermal acclimation affected MO2 during activity, the maximum sustainable speed and locomotor stamina in different ways. During exercise at 13 degrees C, cold-acclimated animals had a significantly greater MO2 than warm-acclimated animals, but did not differ in stamina or the maximum sustainable speed. During exercise at 21 degrees C, cold acclimation did not affect the MO2 significantly, but it decreased the stamina and increased the rate of lactate accumulation. Thus, these results suggest that thermal acclimation of the MO2 is not tightly coupled to thermal acclimation of locomotor performance in salamanders.

IS WALKING COSTLY FOR ANURANS? THE ENERGETIC COST OF WALKING IN THE NORTHERN TOAD BUFO BOREAS HALOPHILUS

1994 ◽  
Vol 197 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
B Walton ◽  
C Peterson ◽  
A Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Aerobic Metabolism ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Bufo Boreas ◽  
Steady State Rate ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Locomotor Energetics

Locomotor mode and the maximal capacity for aerobic metabolism are thought to be co-adapted in anuran amphibians. Species that rely heavily on walking often have high capacities for aerobic metabolism relative to species that rely primarily on saltation. We tested the hypothesis of co-adaptation of gait and aerobic metabolism by investigating the locomotor energetics of Bufo boreas halophilus, a toad that walks, but does not hop. Rates of oxygen consumption during locomotion were measured in an enclosed variable-speed treadmill. The steady-state rate of oxygen consumption (V(dot)O2ss) increased linearly within a range of sustainable speeds [V(dot)O2ss (ml O2 g-1 h-1) = 0.93 x speed (km h-1) + 0.28]. The minimum cost of transport, Cmin (the slope of this relationship), varied significantly among individual toads. When expressed in units of oxygen consumed per distance travelled (ml O2 km-1), Cmin scaled isometrically with body mass: Cmin = 0.69mass1.07. Consequently, mass-specific Cmin (ml O2 g-1 km-1) was uncorrelated with body mass. Variation in Cmin was also unrelated to experimental temperature. Mass-specific Cmin estimates were similar to previous allometric predictions for terrestrial animals of similar size, which contrasts with previous findings for another toad species. Maximum rates of oxygen consumption measured in closed, rotating respirometers were significantly higher than the maximum rates achieved on the treadmill, but lower than those measured previously in other Bufo species. Our results indicate that walking is not necessarily a costly gait for toads and that high maximum rates of oxygen consumption are not associated with reliance on walking within the genus Bufo.

scholarly journals LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE AND ENERGETIC COST OF SIDEWINDING BY THE SNAKE CROTALUS CERASTES

1992 ◽  
Vol 163 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN M. SECOR ◽  
BRUCE C. JAYNE ◽  
ALBERT F. BENNETT
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Linear Scaling ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Lateral Undulation ◽  
Crotalus Cerastes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

We measured the performance (burst speed and endurance) and the energetic cost of sidewinding locomotion for the viperid snake Crotalus cerastes. The linear scaling regressions relating log mass to log burst speed and log endurance have slopes of 0.29 and 1.01, respectively. Maximal burst speed observed for an individual snake (SVL=41.9cm, SVL is snout-vent length) was3.7kmh−1. Adult snakes were able to match a tread speed of 0.5 km h−1 for times ranging from 33 to more than 180 min, and at 0.7kmh−1 endurance times ranged from 9 to 52 min. Rates of oxygen consumption increased linearly over a range of aerobically sustainable speeds (0.28–0.50kmh−1), with a resulting net cost of transport (NCT) of 0.408mlO2g−1km−1 for eight snakes with a mean mass of 110g. Sidewinding of C.cerastes involves periodic movements with a frequency that increases linearly with mean forward speed. At 0.50 km h−1, the mean (N=8) mass-specific energetic cost per cycle of movement was 0.28 JulO2g−1 cycle−1 for sidewinding. The NCT and the cost per cycle of movement of C. cerastes sidewinding are significantly less than those of similar mass snakes (Coluber constrictor) performing either terrestrial lateral undulation or concertina locomotion. The NCT of C. cerastes sidewinding is also significantly less than that predicted for the terrestrial limbed locomotion of lizards of similar mass. Mean VOO2max of C. cerastes (0.405 ml O2g−1h−1) is only about half that reported for C. constrictor; however, the mean endurance at 0.60 km h−1 (73 min) for sidewinding C. cerastes does not differ significantly from that reported for C. constrictor laterally undulating.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND DURATION OF CONDITIONING ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE HAEMOLYMPH OF ANAGASTA (EPHESTIA) KÜHNIELLA (ZELL.) (LEPIDOPTERA:PYRALIDIDAE)

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Atwal
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Thermal Acclimation ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Ephestia Kühniella

Acclimation in Anagasta kühniella pupae within the range of normal temperatures was not associated with changes in the rate of oxygen consumption or specific gravity of the haemolymph. Only when the pupae were conditioned at the extreme temperatures of 5 °C and 35 °C for about 16 and 8 hours, respectively, did their haemolymph become more concentrated. This was not due to desiccation. Thus the theory of osmoregulation does not explain the phenomenon of thermal acclimation satisfactorily.

scholarly journals Oxygen Consumption and Cell Size. A Comparison of the Rate of Oxygen Consumption of Diploid and Triploid Prepupae of Drosophila Melanogaster Meigen

1953 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. ELLENBY
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. The oxygen consumption and surface area of individual diploid and triploid prepupae of Drosophila melanogaster have been measured, the cells of triploid animals being larger. 2. The mean weights for the types examined are different but their ranges overlap almost completely. By covariance analysis it is shown that, after adjustment for difference in body size, there are no differences in the rates of oxygen consumption. It is concluded that, for these animals, cell size has no influence on the rate of oxygen consumption. 3. The relationships between body weight, surface area, and oxygen consumption have been further investigated. It is shown that, despite the greater inaccuracy of the method by which surface area is determined, oxygen consumption can be predicted more accurately from surface area than from body weight. 4. The results are discussed in relation to an earlier investigation of the oxygen consumption of other genotypes (Ellenby, 1945 a, b). Possible technical causes of certain differences between the two series of results in the relationship of oxygen consumption and body weight are explored; it is concluded, however, that they are almost certainly due to differences, not necessarily genetical, between the animals used in the two series.

scholarly journals THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI DURING THE LAG AND LOGARITHMIC PHASES OF GROWTH

1932 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 691-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald S. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

The oxygen consumption of rapidly growing cultures of Esch. coli (S) have been measured by means of Fenn's respirometer. The rate of oxygen consumption of a growing culture uniformly attains a phase of logarithmic increase before the growth curve of the organisms becomes logarithmic. The rate of oxygen consumption per cell increases rapidly from the time of inoculation to a point of maximum respiration near the end of the lag phase of the growth curve, followed by a gradual decrease in the respiratory rate. The surface area of the average cell when plotted against time passes through a point of maximum surface area which coincides with the point of maximum oxygen consumption per cell. Figures obtained by different methods, CO2 output and heat production when reduced to the same units, agree remarkably well.

Energetics of surface swimming in Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus brandt)

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (24) ◽  
pp. 3727-3731 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ancel ◽  
L.N. Starke ◽  
P.J. Ponganis ◽  
R. Van Dam ◽  
G.L. Kooyman
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Metabolic Chamber ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Cost

The energy requirements of Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) during surface swimming were measured in birds swimming under a metabolic chamber in a water flume. From the oxygen consumption recordings, we extrapolated the metabolic rate and cost of transport at water speeds ranging from 0 to 1.3 m s(−)(1). In still water, the birds' mean mass-specific rate of oxygen consumption (V(O2)) while floating at the surface was 20.2 ml O(2)min(−)(1)kg(−)(1), 2.1 times the predicted resting metabolic rate. During steady-state voluntary swimming against a flow, their V(O2) increased with water speed, reaching 74 ml O(2)min(−)(1)kg(−)(1) at 1.3 m s(−)(1), which corresponded to an increase in metabolic rate from 11 to 25 W kg(−)(1). The cost of transport decreased with swimming velocity, approaching a minimum of 19 J kg(−)(1)m(−)(1) for a swimming speed of 1.3 m s(−)(1). Surface swimming in the cormorant costs approximately 18 % less than sub-surface swimming. This confirms similar findings in tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula) and supports the hypothesis that increased energy requirements are necessary in these birds during diving to overcome buoyancy and heat loss during submergence.

Respiration of mitochondria of red and white skeletal muscle

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (5) ◽  
pp. 1015-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Blanchaer
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain ◽  
Direct Oxidation ◽  
Muscle Mitochondria ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Mitochondria of guinea pig red and white skeletal muscle were isolated in a medium containing 0.25 m sucrose, 1 mm ethylenediamine tetraacetate, and 1% fraction V bovine albumin. Oxidative phosphorylation with pyruvate-malate as substrate was tightly coupled in both types of mitochondria when oxygen uptake was measured over a 2- to 4-min period with a platinum electrode. The P/O ratios approached the theoretical value of 3. Oxygen consumption was also determined manometrically with the substrates 10 mm pyruvate—1 mm malate, 10 mm succinate, 6 mm reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH2), 20 mm dl-lactate, and 12–20 mm dl-α-glycerophosphate. White muscle mitochondria had a higher rate of oxygen consumption with α-glycerophosphate than with lactate, succinate, and NADH2. Those of red muscle were less active with α-glycerophosphate than with the other substrates. These results indicate that an α-glycerophosphate shuttle may couple the reactions generating NADH2 in the cytoplasm of white muscle with the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The properties of the red muscle mitochondria suggest that the direct oxidation of NADH2 may be more important in this tissue than the α-glycerophosphate shuttle.

Preferred speed and cost of transport: the effect of incline

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (14) ◽  
pp. 2195-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Wickler ◽  
D.F. Hoyt ◽  
E.A. Cogger ◽  
M.H. Hirschbein
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

Preferred speed is the behavioral tendency of animals to utilize a relatively narrow set of speeds near the middle of a much broader range that they are capable of using within a particular gait. Possible explanations for this behavior include minimizing musculoskeletal stresses and maximizing energetic economy. If preferred speed is determined by energetic economy (cost of transport, C(T)), then shifts in preferred speed should produce shifts in C(T). To test this hypothesis, preferred speeds were measured in trotting horses on the level and on an incline. The preferred trotting speed decreased from 3.29+/−0.24 m s(−)(1) on the level to 3.05+/−0.30 m s(−)(1) (means +/− s.d., N=6) on an 11.8 % incline. The rate of oxygen consumption was measured as a function of trotting speed on a treadmill and was a curvilinear function of speed in all horses under both conditions (level and 10 % incline). This curvilinear relationship resulted in a C(T) that was a U-shaped function of speed. The speed at which C(T) was minimal (i.e. at which trotting was most energetically economical) was very near the preferred speed on the level and decreased on the incline, again to a speed near the preferred speed on the incline.

scholarly journals Recovery heat in muscular contraction without lactic acid formation

1931 ◽  
Vol 108 (757) ◽  
pp. 279-301 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
Acid Formation ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Spontaneous Breakdown ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Resting Muscle

In a comparison of muscles poisoned with mono-iodo-acetic acid (IAA) in the presence and in the absence of oxygen respectively, Lundsgaard (1930) found:- (1) That the spontaneous breakdown of phosphagen in poisoned resting muscle is much more rapid under anaerobic conditions. (2) That the onset of the characteristic contracture produced by IAA is accompanied always by an increase in the rate of oxygen consumption.

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