scholarly journals Spectral sensitivity of cone photoreceptors and opsin expression in two colour-divergent lineages of the lizard Ctenophorus decresii

2015 ◽  
Vol 218 (10) ◽  
pp. 1556-1563 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Yewers ◽  
C. A. McLean ◽  
A. Moussalli ◽  
D. Stuart-Fox ◽  
A. T. D. Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Opsin Expression

Spectral sensitivity of cone photoreceptors and opsin expression in two colour-divergent lineages of the lizard Ctenophorus decresii

2015 ◽  
Vol 218 (18) ◽  
pp. 2979-2979 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Yewers ◽  
C. A. McLean ◽  
A. Moussalli ◽  
D. Stuart-Fox ◽  
A. T. D. Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Opsin Expression

Noninvasive method to objectively measure the spectral sensitivity of individual cone photoreceptors using AO-OCT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel T. Bernucci ◽  
Kazuhiro Kurokawa ◽  
Furu Zhang ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
James A. Crowell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Noninvasive Method

scholarly journals A mouse M-opsin monochromat: Retinal cone photoreceptors have increased M-opsin expression when S-opsin is knocked out

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren L. Daniele ◽  
Christine Insinna ◽  
Rebecca Chance ◽  
Jinhua Wang ◽  
Sergei S. Nikonov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Opsin Expression ◽  
Retinal Cone

Spectral sensitivity of human cone photoreceptors

Nature ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 325 (6103) ◽  
pp. 439-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Schnapf ◽  
T. W. Kraft ◽  
D. A. Baylor
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors

scholarly journals The Spectral Sensitivity of the Neurons Mediating Black and White

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara S. Patterson ◽  
Maureen Neitz ◽  
Jay Neitz
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Spectral Tuning ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Black And White

Our percepts of black and white are not equally strong for all monochromatic lights across the spectrum, but instead have a spectral tuning defined by they ways in which their neural substrates process the outputs of three univariant cone photoreceptors. The neurons mediating black and white and how they combine the cone outputs remain controversial but growing evidence indicates cone-opponent midget ganglion cells are involved. The paradoxical implications of having “chromatic” neurons mediate what is traditionally assumed to be a role of “achromatic” neurons remain unresolved. Here, we investigate whether midget ganglion cells can account for the variation in perceived saturation with wavelength.

scholarly journals Using electroretinograms and multi-model inference to identify spectral classes of photoreceptors and relative opsin expression levels

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Lessios
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Opsin Expression ◽  
Model Inference ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Bluefin Killifish

Understanding how individual photoreceptor cells factor in the spectral sensitivity of a visual system is essential to explain how they contribute to the visual ecology of the animal in question. Existing methods that model the absorption of visual pigments use templates which correspond closely to data from thin cross-sections of photoreceptor cells. However, few modeling approaches use a single framework to incorporate physical parameters of real photoreceptors, which can be fused, and can form vertical tiers. Akaike’s information criterion (AICc) was used here to select absorptance models of multiple classes of photoreceptor cells that maximize information, given visual system spectral sensitivity data obtained using extracellular electroretinograms and structural parameters obtained by histological methods. This framework was first used to select among alternative hypotheses of photoreceptor number. It identified spectral classes from a range of dark-adapted visual systems which have between one and four spectral photoreceptor classes. These were the velvet worm,Principapillatus hitoyensis, the branchiopod water flea,Daphnia magna, normal humans, and humans with enhanced S-cone syndrome, a condition in which S-cone frequency is increased due to mutations in a transcription factor that controls photoreceptor expression. Data from the Asian swallowtail,Papilio xuthus, which has at least five main spectral photoreceptor classes in its compound eyes, were included to illustrate potential effects of model over-simplification on multi-model inference. The multi-model framework was then used with parameters of spectral photoreceptor classes and the structural photoreceptor array kept constant. The goal was to map relative opsin expression to visual pigment concentration. It identified relative opsin expression differences for two populations of the bluefin killifish,Lucania goodei. The modeling approach presented here will be useful in selecting the most likely alternative hypotheses of opsin-based spectral photoreceptor classes, using relative opsin expression and extracellular electroretinography.

Spatio-temporal characterization of retinal opsin gene expression during thyroid hormone-induced and natural development of rainbow trout

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHY VELDHOEN ◽  
W. TED ALLISON ◽  
NIK VELDHOEN ◽  
BRADLEY R. ANHOLT ◽  
CAREN C. HELBING ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Opsin Gene ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Opsin Expression ◽  
Natural Development

The abundance and spatial distribution of retinal cone photoreceptors change during thyroid hormone (TH)-induced and natural development of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). These changes are thought to allow the fish to adapt to different photic environments throughout its life history. To date, the ontogeny of rainbow trout cone photoreceptors has been examined using physiological and morphological approaches. In this study, we extended these observations by measuring opsin gene expression in retinal quadrants during natural and TH-induced development. Gene expression during natural development was investigated in retinae from fish at both parr and smolt stages. The role of TH in modulating opsin gene expression was determined in TH-treated parr and control fish sampled after two, nine, and 22 days of treatment. Total RNA was isolated from each retinal quadrant and steady-state opsin mRNA levels were measured using reverse transcriptase real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) analysis. Expression of ultraviolet-sensitive opsin (SWS1), rod opsin (RH1), middle wavelength-sensitive opsin (RH2), and long wavelength-sensitive opsin (LWS) transcripts vary spatially in the parr retina. Smolts, compared to parr, had downregulated SWS1 expression in all quadrants, lower LWS expression dorsally, higher RH1 expression nasally, and higher RH2 expression dorsally. In TH-treated parr, SWS1 opsin expression was downregulated in the nasal quadrants by two days. SWS1 displayed the greatest degree of downregulation in all quadrants after nine days of treatment, with an increase in short wavelength-sensitive (SWS2) and RH2 opsin mRNA expression in the temporal quadrants. This study reveals that opsin genes display spatially significant differences within rainbow trout retina in their level of mRNA expression, and that regulation of opsin expression is a dynamic process that is influenced by TH. This is particularly evident for SWS1 gene expression in parr following TH-induced and natural development.

Mapping absorbance spectra, cone fractions, and neuronal mechanisms to photopic spectral sensitivity in the zebrafish

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID A. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Chromatic Contrast ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
First Order ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Absorbance Spectra

The four spectral cone types in the zebrafish retina each contribute to photopic visual sensitivity as measured by the b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG). The goal of the current study was to evaluate a model of photopic b-wave spectral sensitivity in the zebrafish that mapped first-order cellular and biophysical aspects of cone photoreceptors (visual pigment absorbance spectra and cone fractions) onto a second-order physiological aspect of cone-derived neural activity in the retina. Good correspondence between the model and photopic ERG data was attained using new visual pigment absorbance data for zebrafish cones (λmax of the L, M, and S cones were 564, 473, and 407 nm, respectively), visual pigment templates, and linearly gained cone fractions. The model inferred four distinct cone processing channels that contribute to the photopic b-wave, two of which are antagonistic combinations of cone-derived signals (L-M and M-S), and two of which are noncombinatorial signals from S and U cones. The nature of the gains and the processing channels suggested general rules of cone-specific inputs to second-order neurons. The model further suggested that the zebrafish retina utilizes neuronal mechanisms for enhancing sensitivity to luminance contrast at short wavelengths and chromatic contrast at middle and long wavelengths. The results indicated that first-order cellular and biophysical aspects of cone photoreceptors can successfully explain physiological aspects of cone-derived neuronal activity in the zebrafish retina.

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