scholarly journals Mechanical properties of the myotomal musculo-skeletal system of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1985 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Johnsrude ◽  
P. W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Force Transmission ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mechanical Power Output ◽  
Fast Start

Net forces and velocities resulting from in situ contractions of the myotomal musculature on one side of the body were measured at the hypural bones. Forces, velocities and power were determined with the body bent into a range of postures typical of those observed during fast-start swimming. For trout averaging 0.178 m in length and 0.0605 kg in body mass, the muscle system exerts a maximum normal force of 2.2N at the base of the caudal fin. This force is equivalent to 11.8 kN m-2 based on the mean cross-sectional area of the myotomal muscle. The maximum velocity was 1.11 m s-1, and the maximum mechanical power output, 0.64 W, or 42.4 W kg-1 muscle. Based on estimates of swimming resistance, these results would suggest acceleration rates of 7.5 to 16.5 m s-2, similar to averages observed during fast-starts. Maximum sprint speeds would range from 6.5 to 17.8 body lengths s-1, spanning the range of maximum speeds reported in the literature. It is suggested that maximum speed is limited by interactions between muscle contraction frequency and endurance. Losses in the mechanical linkages between muscle fibres and propulsive surfaces were estimated at about 50% for power with possibly greater losses in force transmission. Maximum force and power did not vary over the range of postures tested, supporting Alexander's (1969) suggestions that white muscle should contract over a small portion of the resting length of the fibres.

Fast-start Performance and Body Form in Seven Species of Teleost Fish

1978 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Maximum Acceleration ◽  
Body Form ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Major Variable ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Depth Enhancement

Fast-start kinematics and performance were determined for Etheostoma caeruleum, Cottus cognatus, Notropis cornutus, Lepomis macrochirus, Perca flavescens, Salmo gairdneri and a hybrid Esox sp. at an acclimation and test temperature of 15 °C. Normal three-stage kinematic patterns were observed for all species. Fast-start movements were similar in all species, except Lepomis, which had slightly higher amplitudes than expected for its length. The duration of kinematic stages was a major variable among the seven species but was a linear function of length. Acceleration rates were not functions of size. Maximum acceleration rates ranged from 22-7 to 39-5 m. s−2 with mean rates from 6.1 to 12.3 m.s−2 averaged to the completion of kinematic stage 2. Maximum velocity and distance covered in each fast-start stage varied among species but were related to length. Fast-start performance depended primarily on compromise between muscle mass as a percentage of body mass, and lateral body and fin profile. Optimal profiles provide large depth distant from the centre of mass to maximize thrust, and anterior depth enhancement to minimize recoil. The body form of Lepomis is considered optimal for multiple swimming modes.

The effect of size on the fast-start performance of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, and a consideration of piscivorous predator-prey interactions

1976 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Escape Behaviour ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Prey Escape

The fast-start (acceleration) performance of seven groups of rainbow trout from 9-6 to 38-7 cm total length was measured in response to d.c. electric shock stimuli. Two fast-start kinematic patterns, L- and S-start were observed. In L-starts the body was bent into an L or U shape and a recoil turn normally accompanied acceleration. Free manoeuvre was not possible in L-starts without loss of speed. In S-starts the body was bent into an S-shape and fish accelerated without a recoil turn. The frequency of S-starts increased with size from 0 for the smallest fish to 60–65% for the largest fish. Acceleration turns were common. The radius of smallest turn for both fast-start patterns was proportional to length (L) with an overall radius of 0–17 L. The duration of the primary acceleration stages increased with size from 0–07 s for the group of smallest fish to 0–10 s for the group of largest fish. Acceleration rates were independent of size. The overall mean maximum rate was 3438 cm/s2 and the average value to the end of the primary acceleration movements was 1562 cm/s2. The distance covered and velocity attained after a given time for fish accelerating from rest were independent of size. The results are discussed in the context of interactions between a predator and prey fish following initial approach by the predator. It is concluded that the outcome of an interaction is likely to depend on reaction times of interacting fish responding to manoeuvres initiated by the predator or prey. The prey reaction time results in the performance of the predator exceeding that of the prey at any instant. The predator reaction time and predator error in responses to unpredictable prey manoeuvre are required for prey escape. It is predicted that a predator should strike the prey within 0-1 s if the fish are initially 5–15 cm apart as reported in the literature for predator-prey interactions. These distances would be increased for non-optimal prey escape behaviour and when the prey body was more compressed or depressed than the predator.

scholarly journals Measuring Locomotor Training Performance With Mechanical Performance and Motoric Tests in the Case of Young Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ádám Gusztafik ◽  
Miklós Koltai
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Body Parameters

The monitoring of young soccer players’ training load using up-to-date devices is essential from the point of view of continuous improvement at high-quality soccer academies. In the present study, we used tests that are accepted and valid in soccer, which were performed frequently to find out more about improvement. Data measured in the U15–U19 age groups at the Illés Academy in Szombathely were analyzed during the research (N = 70). These data comprised (a) body parameters and performance trials: Body Mass, Height, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test–level 1 (YYIR1), 30 m running, Functional Movement Screening (FMS), and Standing Long Jump (SLJ). (b) Locomotor parameters using the 6-week averages of Catapult OptimEye S5 standardized weekly reports of locomotor performance data (weeks 42–47, 2019): Total Time, Total Distance (m), Velocity Bands 4–6 Average Effort counts and distances, and Maximum Velocity. (c) Mechanical performance parameters: Total Player Load (TPL), high-intensity acceleration, high-intensity deceleration, Change of Direction (CoD) Left, High, CoD Right, High, and Explosive Effort (EE). The Illés Academy players did well in the motoric tests: YYIR1 (M = 2155, SD = 311), 30 m (M = 4.34, SD = 0.26), and SLJ (M = 2.28, SD = 0.18), and the different age groups underwent dynamic improvement. The young soccer players ran 19,552 m on average in their weekly training sessions (SD = 4562): players ran 568, 298, and 97 m in the moderate-, high-, and sprint-intensity zones (Velocity Band 4–5–6 Average Distance) (SD = 287, 148, and 67). The number of moderate-, high-, and sprint-intensity actions (Velocity Band 4–5–6 Average Effort Counts) was M = 58.32, 24.24, and 6.20 (SD = 24.41, 11.30, and 3.74). The athletes’ maximum speed was M = 26.72 km/h (SD = 1.74). The differences between the age groups were justified statistically in each case. Moderate or more intensive correlations were not found between the different intensity of running and the body parameters. High-intensity correlations were found between the completed total distance and the number of moderate-intensity actions (r = 0.806, p < .001), and high correlations were found between the moderate-intensity and high-intensity running (r = 0.933, p < .001).

Temperature Effects on Acceleration of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1417-1422 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Maximum Acceleration ◽  
Acceleration Rate ◽  
Velocity Flow ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Shock Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Temperature

Acceleration performance during and immediately following fast-starts was measured at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of mean mass 23.5 g. Fast-start responses were initiated by an electric shock stimulus. Temperature had little effect on fast-start kinematics. Response latency and duration of propulsion strokes decreased with temperature. Latencies decreased from 23 ms at 5 °C to 6 ms at 25 °C. Times to complete the first two principal acceleration strokes in a fast-start decreased from 116 ms at 5 °C to 65 ms at 25 °C. Distance traveled in a given time increased with temperature. For an elapsed time of 100 ms, the distance traveled was 3.5 cm at 5 °C increasing to 11.3 cm at 25 °C. Velocity increased with time at each temperature to reach maximum values by the end of the third propulsive stroke and thereafter declining. Maximum velocity increased with temperature from 0.99 m∙s−1 at 5 °C to 1.71 m∙s−1 at 15 °C. Maximum velocity was independent of temperature from 15 to 25 °C. Similar trends were found for maximum acceleration rate which increased from 16 m∙s−2 at 5 °C to 41 m∙s−2 over the 15–25 °C range. Temperature effects on acceleration performance would alter the ability of fish to traverse short areas of high velocity flow, the effectiveness of predators, and vulnerability of prey fish. Key words: trout, acceleration, swimming, fast-start, temperature, predation, locomotion

The neuromuscular system in flatworms: serotonin and FMRFamide immunoreactivities, and musculature in Prodistomum alaskense (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae), an endemic fish parasite of the north-western Pacific

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darya A. Nefedova ◽  
Nadezhda B. Terenina ◽  
Natalia V. Mochalova ◽  
Larisa G. Poddubnaya ◽  
Sergei O. Movsesyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
The North ◽  
North Western ◽  
North Western Pacific

Using the immunocytochemical method and confocal scanning laser microscopy, the pioneering data are obtained on the muscle system organization and presence and localization of biogenic amine serotonin and FMRFamide-related peptides in the nervous system of trematode Prodistomum alaskense (Ward and Fillingham, 1934) Bray and Merrett, 1998 (family Lepocreadiidae). This flatworm is an intestinal parasite of endemic representatives of marine fauna of the north-western Pacific Ocean – the prowfish, Zaprora silenus Jordan, 1896 and the lumpfish, Aptocyclus ventricosus Pallas, 1769. The article provides data of scanning electron microscopy on the tegumental topography of P. alaskense. The body wall musculature of P. alaskense has three layers of muscle fibres – the outer circular, intermediate longitudinal and inner diagonal ones. The muscle system elements are well-developed in the attachment organs, digestive and reproductive systems, in the excretory sphincter. Serotonin- and FMRFamide-immunopositive neurons and neurites are found in the head ganglia, circular commissure, longitudinal nerve cords, and in the transversal connective commissures. The innervation of the oral and ventral suckers, pharynx, and the reproductive system compartments by the serotonergic and FMRFamide-immunopositive neurites is revealed. The results are discussed in connection with the published data on the presence and functional roles of the serotonin and FMRFamide-related peptides in Platyhelminthes.

Maximum speed and mechanical power output in lizards.

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (16) ◽  
pp. 2189-2195 ◽  
Author(s):  
C T Farley
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Power ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Muscular System ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Mechanical Power Output

The goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that maximum running speed is limited by how much mechanical power the muscular system can produce. To test this hypothesis, two species of lizards, Coleonyx variegatus and Eumeces skiltonianus, sprinted on hills of different slopes. According to the hypothesis, maximum speed should decrease on steeper uphill slopes but mechanical power output at maximum speed should be independent of slope. For level sprinting, the external mechanical power output was determined from force platform data. For uphill sprinting, the mechanical power output was approximated as the power required to lift the center of mass vertically. When the slope increased from level to 40 degrees uphill, maximum speed decreased by 28% in C. variegatus and by 16% in E. skiltonianus. At maximum speed on a 40 degrees uphill slope in both species, the mechanical power required to lift the body vertically was approximately 3.9 times greater than the external mechanical power output at maximum speed on the level. Because total limb mass is small in both species (6-16% of body mass) and stride frequency is similar at maximum speed on all slopes, the internal mechanical power output is likely to be small and similar in magnitude on all slopes. I conclude that the muscular system is capable of producing substantially more power during locomotion than it actually produces during level sprinting. Thus, the capacity of the muscular system to produce power does not limit maximum running speed.

The Structure and Function of the Basement Membrane Muscle System in Amphiporus lactifloreus (Nemertea)

1952 ◽  
Vol s3-93 (21) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
J. B. COWEY
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Circular Cross Section ◽  
The Body ◽  
Minimum Length ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Elliptical Cross ◽  
Sectional Shape

The body wall of A. lactifloreus has the following structure from the outside inwards. (i) A basement membrane of five to six layers immediately underlying the epithelium. Each layer consists of right-hand and left-hand geodesic fibres making a lattice, whose constituent parallelograms have a side length of from 5 to 6µ. The fibres are attached to one another where they cross; so there can be no slipping relative to one another. (ii) A layer of circular muscle-fibres running round the animal containing two systems of argyrophil fibres--one of fibres at intervals of 10µ. running parallel to the muscle-fibres and the other of fibres running radially through the layer from the basement membrane to the myoseptum. (iii) A myoseptum which is identical in structure with a single layer of the basement membrane (iv) A layer of longitudinal muscle, whose fibres are arranged in layers on each side of a series of longitudinal radial membranes. Membranes identical in structure with the basement membrane invest the nerve cords, the gut, the gonads, and the proboscis. The interrelations of argyrophil and muscle-fibres in the muscle layers is described and their functioning discussed. The system of inextensible geodesic fibres is analysed from a functional standpoint. The maximum volume enclosed by a cylindrical element (cross-section circular), of such a length that the geodesic makes one complete turn round it, varies with the value of the angle θ between the fibres and the longitudinal axis. When θ is 0° the volume is zero; it increases to a maximum when θ is 54° 44' and decreases again to zero when θ is 90°. The length of the element under these conditions varies from zero when θ is 90° to a maximum (the length of one turn of the geodesic) when θ is 0°. The body-volume of the worm is constant. Thus it has a maximum and minimum length when its cross-section is circular, and at any length between these values its cross-section becomes more or less elliptical. It is maximally elliptical when θ is 54° 44', i.e. when the volume the system could contain, at circular cross-section, is maximal. From measurements of the ratio of major to minor axes of this maximally elliptical cross-section, the maximum and minimum lengths of the worm relative to the relaxed length and values of θ at maximum and minimum length are calculated. The worm is actually unable to contract till its cross-section is circular; but measurements of its cross-sectional shape at the minimum length it can attain, permit calculation of the theoretical length and value of θ for this cross-sectional shape. Calculated values of length and the angle 6 agree well with the directly observed values.

Effect of a sprint-training protocol on acceleration performance in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 578-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kurt Gamperl ◽  
Dan L. Schnurr ◽  
E. Don Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sprint Training ◽  
Maximum Acceleration ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Training Protocol

Fast-start acceleration performance of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was measured after 9 weeks of sprint training (30°s duration, every 2nd day). Response latency and time required to complete the first two stages of a fast start were unaffected by the sprint-training protocol. Maximum acceleration (trained 1985 ± 176 (SE) cm/s2; control 1826 ± 144 cm/s2) and maximum velocity (trained 130 ± 7 cm/s; control 134 ± 14 cm/s) were also not significantly different following training. However, trained fish reached high rates of acceleration before control (untrained) fish. Thus, acceleration was higher in trained fish from 20 to 35 ms postshock. When fish are separated by start type, trained fish consistently had greater acceleration than control fish between 30 and 45 ms postshock. Alterations in fast-start performance due to sprint training may improve predator avoidance ability. Sprint training did not change critical swimming speed as measured using two separate protocols.

Body bending during fast-starts in fish can be explained in terms of muscle torque and hydrodynamic resistance

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (6) ◽  
pp. 675-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Wakeling ◽  
I.A. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrodynamic Resistance ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Muscle Torque ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Spine Curvature ◽  
Total Body

Fish fast-starts are rapid events caused by the simultaneous onset of muscle activity along one side of the body. Spine curvature and the strain and electromyographic activity in white muscle were measured for fast-starts in the common carp Cyprinus carpio. The first bend of the fast-start was powered by muscle on the concave side: muscle fibres on this side were activated and began shortening simultaneously between the length-specific longitudinal sites 0.3L and 0.56L, where L is total body length. However, there was an increasing delay in the timing of the first peak in body curvature and muscle strain along the length of the body. Modelling studies related the rate of body bending to the muscle torque and hydrodynamic resistance of the fish. The muscle torque produced on the spine was greatest in the central region of the trunk, and this acted against the moments of inertia of the fish mass and added mass of water. It was concluded that a wave of body bending can be generated as a result of the hydrodynamic resistance of the fish despite the initiation of that bending being simultaneous along the length of the body.

How fish power predation fast-starts

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (9) ◽  
pp. 1851-1861 ◽  
Author(s):  
I A Johnston ◽  
J L van Leeuwen ◽  
M L F Davies ◽  
T Beddow
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Stress ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fast Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Tail Beat

Short-horned sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius L.) were acclimated for 6­8 weeks to either 5 °C or 15 °C (12 h dark: 12 h light). Fast-starts elicited by prey capture were filmed from above in silhouette using a high-speed video camera (200 frames s-1). Outlines of the body in successive frames were digitised and changes in strain for the dorsal fast muscle calculated from a knowledge of backbone curvature and the geometrical arrangement of fibres. For 15 °C-acclimated fish at 15 °C, muscle strain amplitude (peak-to-peak) during the first tail-beat was approximately 0.16 at 0.32L, 0.19 at 0.52L and 0.15 at 0.77L, where L is the total length of the fish. Fast muscle fibres were isolated and subjected to the strains calculated for the first tail-beat of the fast-start (abstracted cycle). Preparations were electrically stimulated at various times after the initiation of the fast-start using an in vivo value of duty cycle (27 %). Prior to shortening, muscle fibres at 0.52L and 0.77L were subjected to a pre-stretch of 0.055l0 and 0.085l0 respectively (where l0 is resting muscle length). The net work per cycle was calculated from plots of fibre length and tensile stress. For realistic values of stimulus onset, the average power output per abstracted cycle was similar at different points along the body and was in the range 24­31 W kg-1 wet muscle mass. During shortening, the instantaneous power output reached 175­265 W kg-1 wet muscle mass in middle and caudal myotomes. At the most posterior position examined, the muscle fibres produced significant tensile stresses whilst being stretched, resulting in an initially negative power output. The fibres half-way down the trunk produced their maximum power at around the same time that caudal muscle fibres generated significant tensile stress. Fast muscle fibres at 0.37­0.66L produced 76 % of the total work done during the first tail-beat compared with only 14 % for fibres at 0.67­0.86L, largely reflecting differences in muscle mass. The effect of temperature acclimation on muscle power was determined using the strain fluctuations calculated for 0.52L. For 5 °C-acclimated fish, the average power per cycle (± s.e.m.; W kg-1 wet muscle mass) was 21.8±3.4 at 5 °C, falling to 6.3±1.8 at 15 °C. Following acclimation to 15 °C, average power per cycle increased to 23.8±2.8 W kg-1 wet muscle mass at 15 °C. The results indicate near-perfect compensation of muscle performance with temperature acclimation.

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