Energetic cost of active branchial ventilation in the sharksucker, Echeneis naucrates

1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Steffensen ◽  
J. P. Lomholt
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Moving Object ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Gill Ventilation

1. Sharksuckers use active branchial ventilation when swimming or at rest in stationary water. When attached to a moving object or when placed in a water current, they shift to ram gill ventilation as water velocity exceeds a certain threshold. 2. Water velocities required for the transition from active to ram gill ventilation were from 10–50 cm s-1, depending on the size of the fish. 3. Oxygen consumption increased between 3.7 and 5.7% when the fish shifted from ram gill ventilation to active branchial pumping. 4. When water velocity was increased beyond the threshold for ram gill ventilation, no further increase in oxygen consumption was observed. 5. It is concluded that the energetic cost of active ventilation in sharksuckers is lower than has previously been reported for fish in general.

scholarly journals Heat increment of feeding in Brunnich's guillemot

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (12) ◽  
pp. 1757-1763 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Hawkins ◽  
P Butler ◽  
A Woakes ◽  
G Gabrielsen
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Uria Lomvia ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Common Murre ◽  
Heat Increment Of Feeding ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Persistent Elevation

The rate of oxygen consumption (O2), respiratory quotient (RQ) and deep body temperature (TB) were recorded during a single, voluntary ingestion of Arctic cod Boreogadus saida (mean mass 18.9+/-1.1 g, s.e.m., N=13) by five postabsorptive Brunnich's guillemots (thick-billed murre, Uria lomvia). The birds were resting in air within their thermoneutral zone, and the fish were refrigerated to 0-2 degreesC. The rate of oxygen consumption increased by a factor of 1.4 during the first few minutes after ingestion, but there was no significant change in TB. Mean rate of oxygen consumption returned to preingestive levels 85 min after the birds ate the fish. The telemetered temperature of one fish reached TB within 20 min. This suggests that the persistent elevation in O2 over the next hour corresponded to the obligatory component of the heat increment of feeding (HIF) and was not related to heating the fish. Abdominal temperature increases after diving bouts in free-ranging common guillemots (common murre, Uria aalge) are possibly achieved through the HIF, since meals are processed at sea. Of the increase in O2 measured in the laboratory, it is calculated that 30 % is required to heat the fish, while 70 % is due to the HIF. In free-ranging birds, the excess heat provided by the HIF could contribute 6 % of the daily energy expenditure. This suggests that the HIF augments heat production in Uria spp. and thus reduces the energetic cost of thermoregulation.

Energetic cost of locomotion in the tammar wallaby

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (5) ◽  
pp. R771-R778 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Baudinette ◽  
G. K. Snyder ◽  
P. B. Frappell
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Energy Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Blood Lactate Levels

Rates of oxygen consumption and blood lactate levels were measured in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) trained to hop on a treadmill. In addition, the work required to overcome wind resistance during forward locomotion was measured in a wind tunnel. Up to approximately 2.0 m/s, rates of oxygen consumption increased linearly with speed and were not significantly different from rates of oxygen consumption for a quadruped of similar body mass. Between 2.0 and 9.4 m/s, rates of oxygen consumption were independent of hopping speed, and between 3.9 and 7.9 m/s, the range over which samples were obtained, blood lactate levels were low (0.83 +/- 0.13 mmol.min-1.kg-1) and did not increase with hopping speed. The work necessary to overcome drag increased exponentially with speed but increased the energy cost of locomotion by only 10% at the average speed attained by our fast hoppers. Thus, during hopping, the energy cost of locomotion is effectively independent of speed. At rates of travel observed in the field, the estimated energy cost of transport in large macropods is less than one-third the cost for a quadruped of equivalent body mass. The energetic savings associated with this unique form of locomotion may have been an important physiological adaptation, enabling large macropods to efficiently cover the distances necessary to forage in the semiarid landscapes of Australia.

scholarly journals Responses to Acute Aquatic Hypoxia in Larvae of the Frog Rana Berlandieri

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN E. FEDER
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Loss ◽  
Anuran Larvae ◽  
Ventilation Frequency ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Rana Berlandieri

The oxygen consumption of larvae of the frog Rana berlandieri Baird was reduced during exposure to aquatic hypoxia at 25°C, and under severe hypoxia the larvae lost oxygen to the water. The larvae responded to aquatic hypoxia by increasing aerial oxygen consumption and lung ventilatory frequency, and also by altering their heart rate and gill ventilation frequency. Under severe or prolonged aquatic hypoxia without access to air, Rana larvae accumulated lactate. When prevented from breathing air, the larvae were unable to compensate fully by increasing their aquatic oxygen consumption. Body size or the interaction of body size and oxygen partial pressure significantly affected the aerial oxygen consumption, the total oxygen consumption and gill ventilation frequency, but did not affect other aspects of larval gas exchange. Anuran larvae resemble air-breathing fishes in some responses to aquatic hypoxia (e.g. increased dependence upon aerial oxygen uptake and changes in ventilatory frequencies), but are unusual in some ways (e.g. oxygen loss to the water). The interactions of body size and hypoxia are not sufficient to explain why so many anuran larvae without lungs are small.

scholarly journals Energetic cost of locomotion as a function of ambient temperature and during growth in the marsupial Potorous tridactylus.

1993 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
R V Baudinette ◽  
E A Halpern ◽  
D S Hinds
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion

In the marsupial, the potoroo, multiple regression analysis shows that ambient temperature makes a minor (2%) contribution towards variation in oxygen consumption with speed. This suggests that the heat generated during running is substituted for heat which would otherwise have to be generated for temperature regulation. Maximum levels of oxygen consumption are also temperature-independent over the range 5-25 degrees C, but plasma lactate concentrations at the conclusion of exercise significantly increase with ambient temperature. Adult potoroos show a linear increase in oxygen consumption with speed, and multiple regression indicates that the most significant factor affecting energy use during running is stride length. Juvenile potoroos have an incremental cost of locomotion about 40% lower than that predicted on the basis of body mass. The smaller animals meet the demands of increasing speed by increasing stride length rather than stride frequency, as would be expected in a smaller species. Our results show that juvenile potoroos diverge significantly from models based only on adult animals in incremental changes in stride frequency, length and the cost of transport, suggesting that they are not simply scaled-down adults.

Individual downstream swimming speed during the natural smolting period among young of Baltic salmon (Salmo salar)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1782-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasse Fängstam
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Migratory Fish ◽  
Pit Tag ◽  
Passive Integrated Transponder ◽  
Individual Fish ◽  
Hatchery Stock ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Immature Fish

The individual downstream swimming behaviour of two-summer-old salmon from the Ume River hatchery stock was monitored throughout the natural smolting period in May–June. The experiment was performed in an artificial-stream tank (diameter 11 m) equipped with a passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag monitoring system. The swimming speed of individual fish in relation to water velocity and the porportion of time during which an individual fish showed active versus passive displacement were investigated using a total of 224 sexually immature fish and previously mature males, individually PIT tagged. At peak migration fish swam downstream at an average speed of about double the water velocity, indicating active downstream migration. No differences in downstream swimming speed between migratory and nonmigratory fish were observed. However, migratory and nonmigratory fish used considerably different proportions of the total time swimming faster than the water current, 10% for migratory fish but only 0.1% for nonmigratory fish. Migratory smolts covered about 25% of their total downstream displacement by means of active downstream swimming: 3.3 km out of 13.5 km in 24 h. Thus, the study clearly shows that active downstream swimming is an important part of the migratory repertoire of salmon smolts.

Role of water current and related variables in determining buoyancy in the sticklebacks Culaea inconstans and Pungitius pungitius

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 2006-2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Beaver ◽  
John H. Gee
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Pungitius Pungitius ◽  
Weak Current ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Culaea Inconstans ◽  
Time Required

The sticklebacks Culaea inconstans and Pungitius pungitius alter buoyancy (lift from the swim bladder) in the field primarily in response to changes in water velocity. Potential adjustment is extensive and is only realized when fish are exposed to current for several days. Buoyancy measured on fish from the field showed an inverse relationship with water velocity and temperature. Buoyancy was also highest in fish living among vegetation. However, vegetation was restricted to still water or areas of very low velocity. In the laboratory, water temperature affected buoyancy of C. inconstans in current only; there, at 6 °C, buoyancy was greater than at higher temperatures. In the field an unknown factor(s), dependent on temperature, affects buoyancy. An inverse relationship was found between buoyancy and water velocity in the laboratory, and adjustment of buoyancy was slow. The time required for buoyancy to decrease from maximum to minimum levels was 4 and 7 d for P. pungitius and C. inconstans, respectively. In the field, minimum buoyancy levels were not reached because fish were exposed to weak current velocities for short intervals. The ability to reduce swim bladder lift (volume) in strong velocities and replace it with hydrodynamic lift and vice versa is seen as an adaptation to environments where water velocity varies in time and space permitting fishes to use the most effective source of lift.

scholarly journals The energetic cost of NNT-dependent ROS removal

2020 ◽  
Vol 295 (48) ◽  
pp. 16217-16218
Author(s):  
Nina Kaludercic ◽  
Fabio Di Lisa
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Oxygen Utilization ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Ros Formation

Under conditions of high nutrient availability and low ATP synthesis, mitochondria generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that must be removed to avoid cell injury. Among the enzymes involved in this scavenging process, peroxidases play a crucial role, using NADPH provided mostly by nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT). However, scarce information is available on how and to what extent ROS formation is linked to mitochondrial oxygen consumption. A new study by Smith et al. shows that NNT activity maintains low ROS levels by means of a fine modulation of mitochondrial oxygen utilization.

IS WALKING COSTLY FOR ANURANS? THE ENERGETIC COST OF WALKING IN THE NORTHERN TOAD BUFO BOREAS HALOPHILUS

1994 ◽  
Vol 197 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
B Walton ◽  
C Peterson ◽  
A Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Aerobic Metabolism ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Bufo Boreas ◽  
Steady State Rate ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Locomotor Energetics

Locomotor mode and the maximal capacity for aerobic metabolism are thought to be co-adapted in anuran amphibians. Species that rely heavily on walking often have high capacities for aerobic metabolism relative to species that rely primarily on saltation. We tested the hypothesis of co-adaptation of gait and aerobic metabolism by investigating the locomotor energetics of Bufo boreas halophilus, a toad that walks, but does not hop. Rates of oxygen consumption during locomotion were measured in an enclosed variable-speed treadmill. The steady-state rate of oxygen consumption (V(dot)O2ss) increased linearly within a range of sustainable speeds [V(dot)O2ss (ml O2 g-1 h-1) = 0.93 x speed (km h-1) + 0.28]. The minimum cost of transport, Cmin (the slope of this relationship), varied significantly among individual toads. When expressed in units of oxygen consumed per distance travelled (ml O2 km-1), Cmin scaled isometrically with body mass: Cmin = 0.69mass1.07. Consequently, mass-specific Cmin (ml O2 g-1 km-1) was uncorrelated with body mass. Variation in Cmin was also unrelated to experimental temperature. Mass-specific Cmin estimates were similar to previous allometric predictions for terrestrial animals of similar size, which contrasts with previous findings for another toad species. Maximum rates of oxygen consumption measured in closed, rotating respirometers were significantly higher than the maximum rates achieved on the treadmill, but lower than those measured previously in other Bufo species. Our results indicate that walking is not necessarily a costly gait for toads and that high maximum rates of oxygen consumption are not associated with reliance on walking within the genus Bufo.

Energetic Cost of Generating Muscular Force During Running: A Comparison of Large and Small Animals

1980 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. RICHARD TAYLOR ◽  
NORMAN C. HEGLUND ◽  
THOMAS A. McMAHON ◽  
TODD R. LOONEY
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Vertical Acceleration ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Muscular Force ◽  
Contact Phase ◽  
Integral Number

The energetic cost of generating muscular force was studied by measuring the energetic cost of carrying loads in rats, dogs, humans, and horses for loads ranging between 7 and 27% of body mass. Oxygen consumption increased in direct proportion to mass supported by the muscles, i.e. V OO2,L/VOO2/mL/m = 1.01 ± S.D. ± 0.017, where VOO2,L is the oxygen consumption of the animal running with a load, VOO2 is the oxygen consumption at the same speed without a load, mL, is the mass of the animal plus the load, and m is the mass of the animal. Stride frequency, average number of feet on the ground over an integral number of strides, the time of contact of each foot relative to the other feet, and the average vertical acceleration during the contact phase were not measurably changed by the loads used in our experiments. From these observations we conclude that the average accelerations of the centre of mass of the animal are not changed by carrying the loads, and that muscular force developed by the animal increases in direct proportion to the load. It follows that the rate of energy utilization by muscles of an animal as it runs along the ground at any particular speed is nearly directly proportional to the force exerted by its muscles. The energetic cost of generating force over an interval of time (∫ F dt) increases markedly with running speed. An important consequence of the direct proportionality between increased oxygen consumption and mass of the load is that small animals expend much more energy to generate a given force at a given speed than large animals.

The energetic cost of copulation in a polygynandrous millipede

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (11) ◽  
pp. 1847-1849
Author(s):  
SR Telford ◽  
PI Webb
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physical Restraint ◽  
Cost Of Reproduction ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Significant Cost ◽  
Mating Patterns ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
In The Wild

We determined the energetic cost of copulation in both sexes of Alloporus uncinatus, a polygynandrous millipede in which copulation can last for several hours and involves physical restraint of the female by the male. We found an elevation in the rate of oxygen consumption by males and a depression in the rate of oxygen consumption by females during copulation. The rate of oxygen consumption of females, but not of males, was elevated immediately after copulation, indicating that females had built up and were repaying an oxygen debt. On this basis, we estimated energy expenditure during copulation to be 30 % above resting levels in males and 14 % above resting levels in females. As matings are frequent in this species in the wild throughout the 4 month breeding season, we suggest that the energetic demands of copulation are a previously overlooked potentially significant cost of reproduction in this species and in other invertebrate species with similar mating patterns.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document