MUSCLE TRIGGERS AEROBIC DIVE LIMIT

2011 ◽  
Vol 214 (11) ◽  
pp. i-ii
Author(s):  
K. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Dive Limit

High diving metabolism results in a short aerobic dive limit for Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)

2013 ◽  
Vol 183 (5) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carling D. Gerlinsky ◽  
David A. S. Rosen ◽  
Andrew W. Trites
Keyword(s):  
Eumetopias Jubatus ◽  
Steller Sea Lions ◽  
Sea Lions ◽  
Aerobic Dive Limit

Metabolic rates of freely diving Weddell seals: correlations with oxygen stores, swim velocity and diving duration

1992 ◽  
Vol 165 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Castellini ◽  
G. L. Kooyman ◽  
P. J. Ponganis
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Dive Duration ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Theoretical Limit ◽  
Weddell Seals ◽  
Consumption Values ◽  
Aerobic Dive Limit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Cost

The metabolic rates of freely diving Weddell seals were measured using modern methods of on-line computer analysis coupled to oxygen consumption instrumentation. Oxygen consumption values were collected during sleep, resting periods while awake and during diving periods with the seals breathing at the surface of the water in an experimental sea-ice hole in Antarctica. Oxygen consumption during diving was not elevated over resting values but was statistically about 1.5 times greater than sleeping values. The metabolic rate of diving declined with increasing dive duration, but there was no significant difference between resting rates and rates in dives lasting up to 82 min. Swimming speed, measured with a microprocessor velocity recorder, was constant in each animal. Calculations of the aerobic dive limit of these seals were made from the oxygen consumption values and demonstrated that most dives were within this theoretical limit. The results indicate that the cost of diving is remarkably low in Weddell seals relative to other diving mammals and birds.

Aerobic dive limit does not decline in an aging pinniped

2011 ◽  
Vol 315A (9) ◽  
pp. 544-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyson G. Hindle ◽  
Jo-Ann E. Mellish ◽  
Markus Horning
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Dive Limit

Development of the aerobic dive limit and muscular efficiency in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus)

2011 ◽  
Vol 182 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle R. Shero ◽  
Russel D. Andrews ◽  
Keri C. Lestyk ◽  
Jennifer M. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Callorhinus Ursinus ◽  
Aerobic Dive Limit ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Northern Fur Seals

Physiological implications of continuous, prolonged, and deep dives of the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Hindell ◽  
David J. Slip ◽  
Harry R. Burton ◽  
Michael M. Bryden
Keyword(s):  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Elephant Seal ◽  
Southern Elephant Seal ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Mirounga Leonina ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Elephant Seals ◽  
Aerobic Dive Limit ◽  
Southern Elephant Seals ◽  
Extended Surface

The diving behaviour of 14 adult southern elephant seals was investigated using time depth recorders. Each of the seals performed some dives that were longer than its theoretical aerobic dive limit. Forty-four percent of all dives made by post-moult females exceeded the calculated limit compared with 7% of those made by postbreeding females and less than 1% of those made by adult males. The extended dives displayed characteristics that suggested that they were predominantly foraging dives, although some were apparently rest dives. Dives longer than the calculated aerobic limits often occurred in bouts; the longest consisted of 63 consecutive dives and lasted 2 days. Postmoult females performed longer bouts of extended dives than postbreeding females. Extended surface periods (longer than 30 min) were not related to the occurrence of extended dives or bouts of extended dives. The possible physiological mechanisms that permit such prolonged continuous dives are discussed. Southern elephant seals may increase the aerobic capacity of dives by lowering their metabolism to approximately 40% of the resting metabolic rate on long dives. There is substantial interseal variability in the methods used to cope with long dives. Some animals appear to use physiological strategies that allow them to prolong the time available to them at the bottom of a dive, while others use alternative strategies that may limit the time available at the bottom of their dives.

Diving behaviour of lactating southern sea lions (Otaria flavescens) in Patagonia

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1975-1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Werner ◽  
Claudio Campagna
Keyword(s):  
Median Duration ◽  
Dive Depth ◽  
Dive Duration ◽  
Diving Behaviour ◽  
Diel Variation ◽  
Otaria Flavescens ◽  
Sea Lions ◽  
Aerobic Dive Limit

The diving behaviour of six lactating female southern sea lions (Otaria flavescens) was recorded during 52.4 animal-days at sea. Information was obtained from 18 057 dives. Females spent 52.7 ± 6.2% of the time at sea diving. Median and maximum dive depths ranged from 19 to 62 and from 97 to 175 m, respectively. Dives were short, with median and maximum durations ranging from 2.1 to 3.2 and from 4.4 to 7.7 min, respectively. Dives deeper than 10 m represented 56 – 89% of total dives and involved 93 – 97% of total diving time. Mean dive depth and duration of dives greater than 10 m were 61 m and 3 min, respectively. Most of these dives (69%) had a flat-bottomed U-shaped profile, bottom time constituting about half of the dive duration. Shallow dives, with a modal depth of 2 m, were short (median duration 0.1 –0.8 min), with virtually no time spent at the bottom of the dive. During trips to sea, which ranged from less than 1 day to more than 4 days, females dove continuously. Mean dive frequency was between 11 and 19 per hour. Surface intervals were short (median 0.9–1.2 min) and there was no apparent diel variation in dive depth or frequency. The estimated aerobic dive limit of the females was exceeded on only a few dives (0.7 – 6.2%). Transit to potential foraging areas took 0.2–8.3 h.

Stroke frequencies of emperor penguins diving under sea ice

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (24) ◽  
pp. 3769-3774 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. van Dam ◽  
P. J. Ponganis ◽  
K. V. Ponganis ◽  
D. H. Levenson ◽  
G. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Dive Depth ◽  
Dive Duration ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
Underwater Video ◽  
Stroke Frequency ◽  
Video Footage ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Emperor Penguins ◽  
Aerobic Dive Limit

SUMMARYDuring diving, intermittent swim stroke patterns, ranging from burst/coast locomotion to prolonged gliding, represent potential energy conservation mechanisms that could extend the duration of aerobic metabolism and, hence,increase the aerobic dive limit (ADL, dive duration associated with onset of lactate accumulation). A 5.6 min ADL for emperor penguins had been previously determined with lactate measurements after dives of <50 m depth. In order to assess locomotory patterns during such dives, longitudinal acceleration was measured with an attached accelerometer in 44 dives of seven adult birds diving from an isolated dive hole in the sea ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Detection of wing strokes in processed accelerometer data was verified in selected birds with analysis of simultaneous Crittercam underwater video footage. Mean dive duration of birds equipped with the accelerometer and a time-depth recorder (TDR) was 5.7±2.2 min; 48% of these dives were greater than the measured 5.6 min ADL (ADLM). Highest stroke frequencies (0.92±0.31 Hz, N=981) occurred during the initial descent to 12 m depth. Swimming effort was reduced to a mean stroke frequency<0.70 Hz during other phases of the dive (while traveling below 12 m depth,during foraging ascents/descents to and from the sub-ice surface, and during final ascents to exit). The longest stroke interval (8.6 s) occurred during a feeding excursion to the undersurface of the ice. In dives>ADLM, mean stroke frequency during travel segments was significantly less than that in dives <ADLM(P<0.05). Mean stroke frequency of the entire dive correlated inversely (P<0.05) with diving duration (r=-0.67) and with mean dive depth (r=-0.43). Emperor penguins did not exhibit any significant (>10 s) periods of prolonged gliding during these shallow(<60 m) foraging dives. However, a stroke/glide pattern was evident with more than 50% of strokes associated with a stroke interval >1.6 s, and with lower stroke frequency associated with increased dive duration.

Body mass and dive duration in alcids and penguins

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 1838-1842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka Watanuki ◽  
Alan E Burger
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Dive Duration ◽  
Allometric Equations ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Allometric Exponent ◽  
Oxygen Store ◽  
Mass Effects ◽  
Aerobic Dive Limit ◽  
Oxygen Stores

Interspecific allometric equations for dive duration were calculated for two groups of wing-propelled divers: penguins, which specializing in diving, and alcids, which balance demands for aerial flying with those of diving. The equations for maximum dive duration (min) were 1.433M0.702 and 3.612M0.735 (where M is body mass in kilograms) for penguins (10 species) and alcids (9 species), respectively, hence did not support a simple oxygen store/usage hypothesis based on the prediction that the mass exponent of aerobic dive limit is close to 0.25. Equations for feeding dives were 0.569M0.712 and 1.094M0.391 in penguins (9 species) and alcids (10 species), respectively. The allometric exponent for the duration of feeding dives for penguins did not match the predicted value of 0.25, but that for alcids did not differ significantly from this value. Alcids exhibited a maximum dive duration 2.5 times longer than that for penguins after mass effects were controlled for. The size of oxygen stores and metabolic rates based on laboratory studies of penguins and alcids failed to explain the longer dive duration in alcids than in penguins.

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