scholarly journals Naive bats discriminate arctiid moth warning sounds but generalize their aposematic meaning

2009 ◽  
Vol 212 (14) ◽  
pp. 2141-2148 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Barber ◽  
B. A. Chadwell ◽  
N. Garrett ◽  
B. Schmidt-French ◽  
W. E. Conner
Keyword(s):  
1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1185-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelheid Ehmke ◽  
Ludger Witte ◽  
Andreas Biller ◽  
Thomas Hartmann

Larvae of the arctiid moth Tyria jacobaeae reared on Senecio jacobaea or S. vulgaris take up and store pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from their host plants. Individual PAs are taken up without preference. The PA patterns found in the insect bodies correspond to the PA composi­tion of their host plants. Like plants the insects store PAs as N-oxides, and larvae as well as pupae are specifically able to N -oxidize any tertiary PA. Callimorphine (O9-(2-methyl-2-acetoxybutanoyl)-retronecine), an insect PA well known from several arctiids, was found in pupae and imagines of Tyria which as larvae had been fed on S. jacobaea. It is accompanied by small amounts of its isomer O7-(2-methyl-2-acetoxybutanoyl)-retronecine named isocallimor-phine. The callimorphines may well account for 45% of total PAs found in the insect. Only small amounts of callimorphine were detected in pupae of Tyria which as larvae had been fed on S. vulgaris. [14C]Callimorphine N -oxide was isolated and identified from Tyria pupae which as larvae received [14C]retronecine. It is suggested that Tyria is able to esterify retronecine, derived from hydrolysis of ingested plant PAs with a necic acid produced by the insect. During metamorphosis the formation of callimorphine is restricted to the early stage of pupa­tion.


1990 ◽  
Vol 45 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 881-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva von Nickisch-Rosenegk ◽  
Dietrich Schneider ◽  
Michael Wink

Abstract The processing of dietary pyrrolizidine alkaloids by larvae and adults of the arctiid moth Creatonotos transiens was studied in time-course experiments: In larvae, pyrrolizidine alkaloid uptake is quickly followed by the transformation of the alkaloids into their N-oxides. Further- more, if 7 S-heliotrine is applied, a stereochemical inversion of the hydroxyl group at C 7 to 7 R-heliotrine can be observed within 48 h of feeding. The rate of this biotransformation is substantially higher in males which use the 7 R-form later as a precursor for the biosynthesis of 7 R-hydroxydanaidal, a pheromone. The resorbed pyrrolizidine alkaloids are deposited in the integument within 48 h, where they remain stored during the larval, pupal and partly also the imaginal stages. Virtually no alkaloids are lost during ecdysis. Some pyrrolizidine alkaloids can be recovered from the meconium which is released at eclosion by the imagines especially when disturbed. In the adults pyrrolizidine alkaloids are processed in different ways by the two sexes: In females, about 50-80% of total alkaloids are transferred from the integument to the ovaries and the eggs within 2 - 3 days after eclosion. If females mate with alkaloid-rich males they additionally receive with the spermatophore up to 290 jig pyrrolizidine alkaloid, which are further translocated to the eggs. A biparental endowment of eggs with acquired defence alkaloids is thus achieved. In males, 30-50% of pyrrolizidine alkaloids remain in the integu- ment; about 10 - 30% are transferred to the scent organ, the corema, where they are converted into 7 R-hydroxydanaidal. Another part (about 40%) is passed to the spermatophore. In the laboratory experiments, the sizes of the coremata and their respective 7 R-hydroxydanaidal contents are strongly dependent on the availability of dietary pyrrolizidine alkaloids during L6 and especially L7 stages. In the L7 stage even short-term feeding (4-6 h) on Senecio jaco- haea is sufficient to induce large coremata.


1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. W. Cock ◽  
J. D. Holloway

AbstractChromolaena odorata is a tropical American species of the Compositae that has become a serious problem in plantations in the tropics of Asia and Africa. The history of attempts to control it using the arctiid moth Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata Rego Barros (misidentified in previous literature as Ammalo insulata (Wlk.)) is summarised. The taxonomy and distributions of the five species in Pareuchaetes are presented, together with keys based on genitalic characters, three new synonyms and one new combination. Information on the biogeography and ecology of the Pareuchaetes species is used to assess their potential as biological control agents.


Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 218 (4568) ◽  
pp. 168-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. WILLIS ◽  
M. C. BIRCH
Keyword(s):  

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin F. Conrad ◽  
Ian P. Woiwod ◽  
Joe N. Perry

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. Bezzerides ◽  
Vikram K. Iyengar ◽  
Thomas Eisner

1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Conner ◽  
B. Roach ◽  
E. Benedict ◽  
J. Meinwald ◽  
T. Eisner

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