scholarly journals Composite structure of the crystalline epicuticular wax layer of the slippery zone in the pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata and its effect on insect attachment

2005 ◽  
Vol 208 (24) ◽  
pp. 4651-4662 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gorb
Keyword(s):  
Composite Structure ◽  
Carnivorous Plant ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Layer ◽  
Insect Attachment

scholarly journals Application of Nano-Silicon Dioxide Improves Salt Stress Tolerance in Strawberry Plants

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saber Avestan ◽  
Mahmood Ghasemnezhad ◽  
Masoud Esfahani ◽  
Caitlin S. Byrt
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Silicon Dioxide ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Nano Silicon ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Layer

Silicon application can improve productivity outcomes for salt stressed plants. Here, we describe how strawberry plants respond to treatments including various combinations of salt stress and nano-silicon dioxide, and assess whether nano-silicon dioxide improves strawberry plant tolerance to salt stress. Strawberry plants were treated with salt (0, 25 or 50 mM NaCl), and the nano-silicon dioxide treatments were applied to the strawberry plants before (0, 50 and 100 mg L−1) or after (0 and 50 mg L−1) flowering. The salt stress treatments reduced plant biomass, chlorophyll content, and leaf relative water content (RWC) as expected. Relative to control (no NaCl) plants the salt treated plants had 10% lower membrane stability index (MSI), 81% greater proline content, and 54% greater cuticular transpiration; as well as increased canopy temperature and changes in the structure of the epicuticular wax layer. The plants treated with nano-silicon dioxide were better able to maintain epicuticular wax structure, chlorophyll content, and carotenoid content and accumulated less proline relative to plants treated only with salt and no nano-silicon dioxide. Analysis of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images revealed that the salt treatments resulted in changes in epicuticular wax type and thickness, and that the application of nano-silicon dioxide suppressed the adverse effects of salinity on the epicuticular wax layer. Nano-silicon dioxide treated salt stressed plants had increased irregular (smoother) crystal wax deposits in their epicuticular layer. Together these observations indicate that application of nano-silicon dioxide can limit the adverse anatomical and biochemical changes related to salt stress impacts on strawberry plants and that this is, in part, associated with epicuticular wax deposition.

scholarly journals Analysis of Cuticular Lipids of the Pharaoh Ant (Monomorium pharaonis) and Their Selective Adsorption on Insecticidal Zeolite Powders

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heleen Van Den Noortgate ◽  
Bert Lagrain ◽  
Tom Wenseleers ◽  
Johan Martens
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Selective Adsorption ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Adsorption Selectivity ◽  
Adsorption Mechanisms ◽  
Pore Mouth ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Layer

The pharaoh ant is a notorious and hard to eradicate pest, which poses a threat in hospitals, spreading pathogens and contaminating sterile equipment. When applied on ants, zeolites adsorb part of their epicuticular wax layer. The ants are then vulnerable to desiccation, since this layer regulates water exchange. We analyzed the chemical composition of this wax layer using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry). A hexane wash of M. pharaonis foragers resulted in the identification of 53 components, four of which were not previously defined in Monomorium species. Selective adsorption of specific compounds on zeolites assisted in the identification of compounds which could not be separated on the GC column and allowed for the identification of three additional compounds. Zeolites show different affinities for the wax compounds depending on pore structure and chemical composition. Selective adsorption of alkanes on zeolites is also investigated in the fields of refinery processes and catalysis. Pore mouth and key lock adsorption mechanisms and selectivity according to molecular weight and branching, investigated in these fields, are also involved in adsorption processes of epicuticular waxes. The insecticidal activity of a zeolite is related to adsorption selectivity rather than capacity. One of the best adsorbing zeolites showed limited insecticidal activity and can be considered as a non-lethal alternative for epicuticular wax sampling.

scholarly journals Thermotropic Mesomorphism of a Model System for the Plant Epicuticular Wax Layer

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 530-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Carreto ◽  
Ana Rita Almeida ◽  
Anabela C. Fernandes ◽  
Winchil L.C. Vaz
Keyword(s):  
Model System ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Layer

Interaction of Organic Solvents with the Epicuticular Wax Layer of Wheat Leaves

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (37) ◽  
pp. 8737-8742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung Myung ◽  
Alexander P. Parobek ◽  
Jeffrie A. Godbey ◽  
Andrew J. Bowling ◽  
Heather E. Pence
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Layer

scholarly journals The effect of surface anisotropy in the slippery zone of Nepenthes alata pitchers on beetle attachment

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 302-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V Gorb ◽  
Stanislav N Gorb
Keyword(s):  
Coccinella Septempunctata ◽  
Carnivorous Plant ◽  
Surface Anisotropy ◽  
Anisotropic Properties ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Ladybird Beetles ◽  
Attachment Ability ◽  
Wax Crystals ◽  
Insect Attachment ◽  
Effect Of Surface

The slippery zone in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata bears scattered prominent lunate cells and displays continuous epicuticular crystalline wax coverage. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the surface anisotropy, caused by the shape of lunate cells, on insect attachment ability. Traction tests with ladybird beetles Coccinella septempunctata were performed in two types of experiments, where surface samples of (1) intact pitchers, (2) chemically de-waxed pitchers, and (3) their polymer replicas were placed horizontally. Beetle traction forces were measured when they walked on test surfaces in either an upward (towards the peristome) or downward (towards the pitcher bottom) direction, corresponding to the upright or inverted positions of the pitcher. On intact pitcher surfaces covered with both lunate cells and wax crystals, experiments showed significantly higher forces in the direction towards the pitcher bottom. To distinguish between the contributions, from claw interlocking and pad adhesion, to insect attachment on the pitcher surfaces, intact versus claw-ablated beetles were used in the second type of experiment. On both de-waxed plant samples and their replicas, intact insects generated much higher forces in the downward direction compared to the upward one, whereas clawless insects did not. These results led to the conclusion that, (i) due to the particular shape of lunate cells, the pitcher surface has anisotropic properties in terms of insect attachment, and (ii) claws were mainly responsible for attachment enhancement in the downward pitcher direction, since, in this direction, they could interlock with overhanging edges of lunate cells.

scholarly journals 806 PB 118 CHARACTERIZATION OF BERRY CUTICLE AND EPICUTICULAR WAX OF GRAPE CULTIVARS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 548f-548
Author(s):  
Edward W. Hellman ◽  
Laurel Raines
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
First Line ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Surface Wax ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Layer ◽  
Grape Cultivars

The cuticle and epicuticular wax layer of grape berries provides a first line of defense against fungal pathogens. A relatively thick cuticle and wax layer may result in enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea Pers. The structure of epicuticular wax also has been postulated to play a role in Botryris resistance. To examine the role of cuticle and wax in disease resistance, berries of diverse grape cultivars were sampled to quantify the cuticle and wax layers. Wax surface structure was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Significant differences among cultivars were found for both cuticle and wax measurements. Environmental conditions may influence development of these layers, some cultivars had significantly greater cuticle and wax layers in berries that developed in full sunlight. Visual differences in surface wax appearance were apparent among cultivars. Size, density and orientation of wax platelets varied among cultivars.

Leaf surface ultrastructure and susceptibility to ammonium nitrate injury

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1911-1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Bitterlich ◽  
Mahesh K. Upadhyaya
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Brussels Sprouts ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate Solution ◽  
Polygonum Persicaria ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Layer

Ammonium nitrate solution (20% N) can burn the foliage of many broadleaf weeds without significant injury to cole (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower) and onion crops. Scanning electron microscopy showed that a heavy crystalline epicuticular wax layer composed of tubules, dendrites, and (or) platelets was present on the adaxial leaf surface of ammonium nitrate tolerant species. Susceptible species had little or no wax on their leaf surface. Removal of epicuticular wax by cellulose acetate stripping from tolerant cabbage leaves increased ammonium nitrate retention and salt injury. We conclude that epicuticular wax protects the foliage of tolerant species by repelling the salt solution. The solution, however, did not wet the stripped leaves evenly and leaf kill was incomplete, indicating that amorphous cuticular wax offers some protection to these leaves. The foliage of susceptible species, which lacked epicuticular wax, was damaged because it retained the solution. The presence of surface structures such as trichomes on common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.), lady's thumb (Polygonum persicaria L.), and shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic.) may further increase solution retention and salt injury. Key words: epicuticular wax, cole crops, onion, weed, leaf surface, trichome.

Imazaquin Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism in Flue-Cured Tobacco

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank R. Walls ◽  
Frederick T. Corbin ◽  
William K. Collins ◽  
A. Douglas Worsham ◽  
J. R. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Epicuticular Wax Layer

Absorption of14C-imazaquin by leaves of field-grown flue-cured tobacco was similar when applied to young seedlings immediately after transplanting or to plants 3 wk after transplanting. The distribution of14C in treated leaves indicated that 40% was absorbed, 54% remained in water extracts of leaf surfaces, and 6% was found in the epicuticular wax layer 8 d after treatment. Translocation of the herbicide from treated leaves to roots was very low (4 to 5%). In contrast, soil applications of imazaquin and subsequent uptake by roots resulted in retention of 40 to 53% in roots and translocation of 47 to 60% to shoots after 8 d. Analyses of methanol-soluble extracts of14C indicated that more than 77% of the foliar-applied herbicide was metabolized in roots and upper shoots after 2 d. Similarly, 64% or more of the imazaquin was degraded in roots and shoots 2 d after root absorption.

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