scholarly journals Central control of electric signaling behavior in the mormyrid Brienomyrus brachyistius: segregation of behavior-specific inputs and the role of modifiable recurrent inhibition

2004 ◽  
Vol 207 (7) ◽  
pp. 1073-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Inhibition ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Brienomyrus Brachyistius

scholarly journals Characterization of the Role of NKA in the Control of Puberty Onset and Gonadotropin Release in the Female Mouse

Endocrinology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 160 (10) ◽  
pp. 2453-2463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia León ◽  
Chrysanthi Fergani ◽  
Rajae Talbi ◽  
Serap Simavli ◽  
Caroline A Maguire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Neurokinin A ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Gnrh Release ◽  
Lh Release ◽  
Timing Of Puberty ◽  
Puberty Onset ◽  
Lh Secretion

Abstract The tachykinin neurokinin B (NKB, Tac2) is critical for proper GnRH release in mammals, however, the role of the other tachykinins, such as substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) in reproduction, is still not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that NKA controls the timing of puberty onset (similar to NKB and SP) and stimulates LH release in adulthood through NKB-independent (but kisspeptin-dependent) mechanisms in the presence of sex steroids. Furthermore, this is achieved, at least in part, through the autosynaptic activation of Tac1 neurons, which express NK2R (Tacr2), the receptor for NKA. Conversely, in the absence of sex steroids, as observed in ovariectomy, NKA inhibits LH through a mechanism that requires the presence of functional receptors for NKB and dynorphin (NK3R and KOR, respectively). Moreover, the ability of NKA to modulate LH secretion is absent in Kiss1KO mice, suggesting that its action occurs upstream of Kiss1 neurons. Overall, we demonstrate that NKA signaling is a critical component in the central control of reproduction, by contributing to the indirect regulation of kisspeptin release.

Role of the Human Rostral Supplementary Motor Area and the Basal Ganglia in Motor Sequence Control: Investigations With H2 15O PET

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 1070-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Boecker ◽  
A. Dagher ◽  
A. O. Ceballos-Baumann ◽  
R. E. Passingham ◽  
M. Samuel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Finger Movements ◽  
Sequence Complexity

Boecker, H., A. Dagher, A. O. Ceballos-Baumann, R. E. Passingham, M. Samuel, K. J. Friston, J.-B. Poline, C. Dettmers, B. Conrad, and D. J. Brooks. Role of the human rostral supplementary motor area and the basal ganglia in motor sequence control: investigations with H2 15O PET. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1070–1080, 1998. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional anatomy of distributed cortical and subcortical motor areas in the human brain that participate in the central control of overlearned complex sequential unimanual finger movements. On the basis of previous research in nonhuman primates, a principal involvement of basal ganglia (medial premotor loops) was predicted for central control of finger sequences performed automatically. In pertinent areas, a correlation of activation levels with the complexity of a motor sequence was hypothesized. H2 15O positron emission tomography (PET) was used in a group of seven healthy male volunteers [mean age 32.0 ± 10.4 yr] to determine brain regions where levels of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) correlated with graded complexity levels of five different key-press sequences. All sequences were overlearned before PET and involved key-presses of fingers II–V of the right hand. Movements of individual fingers were kept constant throughout all five conditions by external pacing at 1-Hz intervals. Positive correlations of rCBF with increasing sequence complexity were identified in the contralateral rostral supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and the associated pallido-thalamic loop, as well as in right parietal area 7 and ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1). In contrast, while rCBF in contralateral M1 and and extensive parts of caudal SMA was increased compared with rest during task performance, significant correlated increases of rCBF with sequence complexity were not observed. Inverse correlations of rCBF with increasing sequence complexity were identified in mesial prefrontal-, medial temporal-, and anterior cingulate areas. The findings provide further evidence in humans supporting the notion of a segregation of SMA into functionally distinct subcomponents: although pre-SMA was differentially activated depending on the complexity of a sequence of learned finger movements, such modulation was not detectable in caudal SMA (except the most antero-superior part), implicating a motor executive role. Our observations of complexity-correlated rCBF increases in anterior globus palllidus suggest a specific role for the basal ganglia in the process of sequence facilitation and control. They may act to filter and focus input from motor cortical areas as patterns of action become increasingly complex.

scholarly journals The role of transcriptional regulators in central control of appetite and body weight

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Coppari ◽  
Giorgio Ramadori ◽  
Joel K Elmquist
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Transcriptional Regulators ◽  
Central Control

Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part II: Middle Egypt, Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive Foss
Keyword(s):  
Local Economy ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Central Control ◽  
Postal Service ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Upper Egypt ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The Church

AbstractThe first part of this paper discussed a large collection of documents from Upper Egypt illustrative of society and economy in the time of Muʿāwiya. Here, further papyri, of pagarchs of Arsinoe, present supplementary information about grain production, taxation, great estates, the postal service and the role of the church in the local economy. Information about Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria depends on literary sources and archaeology. Fusṭāṭ, which started as a camp, became more organized and controlled under Muʿāwiya's governors when the main shipyard was moved there. Alexandria, despite romantic descriptions, was at least partly ruined. Like Fusṭāṭ, it was the seat of a major garrison. Taken together, the evidence from Egypt shows much administrative continuity from Byzantine times, but with important new taxes and requisitions and a tighter central control. It suggests that Muʿāwiya ran a sophisticated and effective state.

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