scholarly journals Direct evidence for the role of pigment cells in the brain of ascidian larvae by laser ablation

2003 ◽  
Vol 206 (8) ◽  
pp. 1409-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Laser Ablation ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
The Brain

Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Enhances Post-error Slowing

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 2126-2132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Sellaro ◽  
Jelle W. R. van Leusden ◽  
Klodiana-Daphne Tona ◽  
Bart Verkuil ◽  
Sander Nieuwenhuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Noradrenergic System ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Single Blind

People tend to slow down after they commit an error, a phenomenon known as post-error slowing (PES). It has been proposed that slowing after negative feedback or unforeseen errors is linked to the activity of the locus coeruleus–norepinephrine (LC–NE) system, but there is little direct evidence for this hypothesis. Here, we assessed the causal role of the noradrenergic system in modulating PES by applying transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), a new noninvasive and safe method to stimulate the vagus nerve and to increase NE concentrations in the brain. A single-blind, sham-controlled, between-group design was used to assess the effect of tVNS in healthy young volunteers (n = 40) during two cognitive tasks designed to measure PES. Results showed increased PES during active tVNS, as compared with sham stimulation. This effect was of similar magnitude for the two tasks. These findings provide evidence for an important role of the noradrenergic system in PES.

scholarly journals Avoidance response to CO2 in the lateral horn

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nélia Varela ◽  
Miguel Gaspar ◽  
Sophie Dias ◽  
Maria Luísa Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Antennal Lobe ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Lateral Horn ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTIn flies, the olfactory information is carried from the first relay in the brain, the antennal lobe, to the mushroom body (MB) and the lateral horn (LH). Olfactory associations are formed in the MB. The LH was ascribed a role in innate responses based on the stereotyped connectivity with the antennal lobe, stereotyped physiological responses to odors and MB silencing experiments. Direct evidence for the functional role of the LH is still missing. Here we investigate the behavioral role of the LH neurons directly, using the CO2 response as a paradigm. Our results show the involvement of the LH in innate responses. Specifically, we demonstrate that activity in two sets of neurons is required for the full behavioral response to CO2. Using calcium imaging we observe that the two sets of neurons respond to CO2 in different manners. Using independent manipulation and recording of the two sets of neurons we find that the one that projects to the SIP also outputs to the local neurons within the LH. The design of simultaneous output at the LH and the SIP, an output of the MB, allows for coordination between innate and learned responses.

scholarly journals 1D1115 Role of sensory pigment cells in ascidian larvae (1) : Studies by laser ablation

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (supplement2) ◽  
pp. S24
Author(s):  
D. Sakurai ◽  
M. Goda ◽  
M. Tuda
Keyword(s):  
Laser Ablation ◽  
Pigment Cells

scholarly journals The role of the tissue environment in the expression of spotting genes in the mouse

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-490
Author(s):  
M. S. Deol
Keyword(s):  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Gene Activity ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Dominant Spotting

Genes causing white spotting in the mouse act in two major ways: some affect the melanoblasts, while others affect the tissue environment of the melanoblasts. The question is whether the normal tissue environment plays any role in the origin of spots in those mutants in which the melanoblasts are believed to be the site of gene activity. An earlier study, using the genotypes +/mi, Miwh/+, s/s, Wυ/+ and Wυ/Wυ (mi = microphthalmia; Miwh = white; s = piebald; Wr = viable dominant spotting), indicated that it probably does, the evidence largely consisting in the occurrence of extremely precise pigmentation patterns on a minute scale. It seemed that more direct evidence could be obtained by comparing the pigmentation of the iris with that of the choroid and the retina in the same eye in these and other genotypes. The outer and inner layers of the iris derive their pigment cells from the choroid and the retina respectively; therefore any clear and consistent differences between the behaviour of these cells in their original and their secondary place of activity would constitute evidence for the role of the tissue environment. Such differences were found. It was also found that in another genotype, Miwh/mi, the retinal pigment cells, although unpigmented, are clearly distinguishable. This casts serious doubt on the widespread assumption that melanoblasts which do not differentiate always die.

The role of pigment cells in the brain of ascidian larva

2004 ◽  
Vol 475 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Sakurai ◽  
Muneki Goda ◽  
Yoshiki Kohmura ◽  
Takeo Horie ◽  
Hideo Iwamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Ascidian Larva ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Differential role of spinal and supraspinal processing of proprioceptive information in mouse locomotion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Santuz ◽  
Olivier Laflamme ◽  
Turgay Akay
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Ascending Pathways ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSafe locomotion relies on information from proprioceptors, sensory organs that communicate the position of body parts to the central nervous system. Proprioceptive circuits in the spinal cord are known to robustly regulate locomotion in challenging environments. The role of ascending pathways conveying proprioceptive information to the brain remains less clear. Through mouse genetic studies and in vivo electrophysiology, here we show that the systemic removal of proprioceptors leaves the animals in a constantly perturbed state, similar to that observed during mechanically perturbed locomotion in wild type. Yet, after surgical interruption of the ascending proprioceptive pathways, wild-type mice lose the ability to cope with external perturbations while walking. Our findings provide direct evidence of a pivotal role for ascending proprioceptive information in achieving safe locomotion.

The Role of Mitochondria in the Genesis of Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in the Brains of Aging Mice

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 372-373
Author(s):  
J.E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dorsal Column ◽  
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ◽  
Nucleus Gracilis ◽  
Dystrophic Axons ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nucleus Cuneatus

Although neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) has been examined by light and electron microscopy for years, the nature of the components in the dystrophic axons is not well understood. The present report examines nucleus gracilis and cuneatus (the dorsal column nuclei) in the brain stem of aging mice.Mice (C57BL/6J) were sacrificed by aldehyde perfusion at ages ranging from 3 months to 23 months. Several brain areas and parts of other organs were processed for electron microscopy.At 3 months of age, very little evidence of NAD can be discerned by light microscopy. At the EM level, a few axons are found to contain dystrophic material. By 23 months of age, the entire nucleus gracilis is filled with dystrophic axons. Much less NAD is seen in nucleus cuneatus by comparison. The most recurrent pattern of NAD is an enlarged profile, in the center of which is a mass of reticulated material (reticulated portion; or RP).

Direct Evidence for the Role of Inhibition in Resolving Interference

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Karl Healey ◽  
Karen L. Campbell ◽  
Lynn Hasher ◽  
Lynn Ossher
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence
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