The differentiation of germ cells and gonads during development of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). A study with anti-carp sperm monoclonal antibodies

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-32
Author(s):  
H. K. Parmentier ◽  
L. P. M. Timmermans
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Outer Membranes ◽  
Germ Cell Differentiation ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio

Gonadal development, germ cell differentiation and the appearance of membrane antigenic determinants, specific for male and female germ cells during gonadogenesis, was studied in larval and juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) until 25 weeks after fertilization Indirect immunofluorescence studies with four monoclonal antibodies raised against carp spermatozoa revealed that monoclonal antibody WCS 29 stained the outer membranes of primordial germ cells in larvae from 3 days after fertilization. The monoclonal antibodies WCS 3 and 17 reacted with the outer membranes of germ cells from 7 weeks after fertilization onwards, simultaneously with the onset of germ cell proliferation. With monoclonal antibody WCS 28 germ cell membranes were clearly stained from 18 weeks after fertilization. Similar reactions were observed in both sexes, however, female germ cells reacted at an earlier developmental stage with the monoclonal antibody WCS 28 than male germ cells. In the developing testis the monoclonal antibodies stained all types of spermatogenic cells. In the ovary, however, only oogonia and early prophase oocytes showed a positive reaction with the four monoclonal antibodies. The results indicate that germline-specific antigens are present on the outer membranes of primordial germ cells and their male and female descendants, with the exception of elderly oogenic stages. It is assumed that the appearance and disappearance of these membrane antigens reflect differentiation steps of germ cells during gonadogenesis.

scholarly journals Abnormal Meiosis Initiation in Germ Cell Caused by Aberrant Differentiation of Gonad Somatic Cell

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Min Chen ◽  
Min Chen ◽  
Suren Chen ◽  
Jingjing Zhou ◽  
Fangfang Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Genital Ridge ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Germ Cell Differentiation ◽  
Exact Function

The interaction between germ cell and somatic cell plays important roles in germ cell development. However, the exact function of gonad somatic cell in germ cell differentiation is unclear. In the present study, the function of gonad somatic cell in germ cell meiosis was examined by using mouse models with aberrant somatic cell differentiation. In Wt1R394W/R394W mice, the genital ridge is absent due to the apoptosis of coelomic epithelial cells. Interestingly, in both male and female Wt1R394W/R394W germ cells, STRA8 was detected at E12.5 and the scattered SYCP3 foci were observed at E13.5 which was consistent with control females. In Wt1-/flox; Cre-ERTM mice, Wt1 was inactivated by the injection of tamoxifen at E9.5 and the differentiation of Sertoli and granulosa cells was completely blocked. We found that most germ cells were located outside of genital ridge after Wt1 inactivation. STRA8, SYCP3, and γH2AX proteins were detected in germ cells of both male and female Wt1-/flox; Cre-ERTM gonads, whereas no thread-like SYCP3 signal was observed. Our study demonstrates that aberrant development of gonad somatic cells leads to ectopic expression of meiosis-associated genes in germ cells, but meiosis was arrested before prophase I. These results suggest that the proper differentiation of gonad somatic cells is essential for germ cell meiosis.

scholarly journals In vivo and in vitro differentiation of male germ cells in the mouse

Reproduction ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orly Lacham-Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Embryoid Bodies ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Germ Cell Differentiation

Primordial germ cells appear in the embryo at about day 7 after coitum. They proliferate and migrate towards the genital ridge. Once there, they undergo differentiation into germ stem cells, known as ‘A spermatogonia’. These cells are the foundation of spermatogenesis. A spermatogonia commit to spermatogenesis, stay undifferentiated or degenerate. The differentiation of primordial germ cells to migratory, postmigratory and germ stem cells is dependent on gene expression and cellular interactions. Some of the genes that play a crucial role in germ cell differentiation are Steel, c-Kit, VASA, DAZL, fragilis, miwi, mili, mil1 and mil2. Their expression is stage specific, therefore allowing solid identification of germ cells at different developmental phases. In addition to the expression of these genes, other markers associated with germ cell development are nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity, the stage specific embryonic antigen, the transcription factor Oct3/4 and β1- and α6-integrins. Commitment of cells to primordial germ cells and to A spermatogonia is also dependent on induction by the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4. With this knowledge, researchers were able to isolate germ stem cells from embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies, and drive these into gametes either in vivo or in vitro. Although no viable embryos were obtained from these gametes, the prospects are that this goal is not too far from being accomplished.

Replacement of posterior by anterior endoderm reduces sterility in embryos from inverted eggs of Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93
Author(s):  
J. H. Cleine
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Inverted Position ◽  
Control Series ◽  
Germ Cell Differentiation ◽  
Tailbud Stage

The genital ridges of Xenopus laevis tadpoles reared from eggs kept in an inverted position contain less than 40 % of the number of primordial germ cells (PGCs) of controls (Cleine & Dixon, 1985). It has been suggested that this reduction is caused by the germ cells' ectopic position in the anterior endoderm of larvae from inverted eggs, from where they may be unable to migrate into the genital ridges (Cleine & Dixon, 1985). This hypothesis is tested here by interchanging anterior and posterior endodermal grafts between pairs of inverted embryos at the early tailbud stage. Replacement of anterior by posterior endoderm has no effect but replacement of posterior by anterior endoderm increases the number of PGCs in the genital ridges and significantly reduces the proportion of sterile embryos. In a control series, in which the same type of grafting was done with normal embryos, replacement of posterior by anterior endoderm reduced the number of germ cells to almost zero, but replacement of anterior by posterior endoderm nearly doubled it. These findings are explained in terms of the distribution of the germ cells in the endoderm at the time of grafting. The results firstly show that the position of the germ cells is crucial to successful migration and secondly they support the notion that germ plasm has a determinative role during early germ cell differentiation.

scholarly journals Avian Primordial Germ Cells Are Bipotent for Male or Female Gametogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maeve Ballantyne ◽  
Lorna Taylor ◽  
Tuanjun Hu ◽  
Dominique Meunier ◽  
Sunil Nandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Primordial Germ Cell ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Cell Competition ◽  
Germ Cell Differentiation ◽  
Heterogametic Sex

In birds, males are the homogametic sex (ZZ) and females are the heterogametic sex (ZW). Here, we investigate the role of chromosomal sex and germ cell competition on avian germ cell differentiation. We recently developed genetically sterile layer cockerels and hens for use as surrogate hosts for primordial germ cell (PGC) transplantation. Using in vitro propagated and cryopreserved PGCs from a pedigree Silkie broiler breed, we now demonstrate that sterile surrogate layer hosts injected with same sex PGCs have normal fertility and produced pure breed Silkie broiler offspring when directly mated to each other in Sire Dam Surrogate mating. We found that female sterile hosts carrying chromosomally male (ZZ) PGCs formed functional oocytes and eggs, which gave rise to 100% male offspring after fertilization. Unexpectedly, we also observed that chromosomally female (ZW) PGCs carried by male sterile hosts formed functional spermatozoa and produced viable offspring. These findings demonstrate that avian PGCs are not sexually restricted for functional gamete formation and provide new insights for the cryopreservation of poultry and other bird species using diploid stage germ cells.

scholarly journals Arrest of WNT/β-catenin signaling enables the transition from pluripotent to differentiated germ cells in mouse ovaries

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (30) ◽  
pp. e2023376118
Author(s):  
Morgane Le Rolle ◽  
Filippo Massa ◽  
Pam Siggers ◽  
Laurent Turchi ◽  
Agnès Loubat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Germ Cell Differentiation

Germ cells form the basis for sexual reproduction by producing gametes. In ovaries, primordial germ cells exit the cell cycle and the pluripotency-associated state, differentiate into oogonia, and initiate meiosis. Despite the importance of germ cell differentiation for sexual reproduction, signaling pathways regulating their fate remain largely unknown. Here, we show in mouse embryonic ovaries that germ cell–intrinsic β-catenin activity maintains pluripotency and that its repression is essential to allow differentiation and meiosis entry in a timely manner. Accordingly, in β-catenin loss-of-function and gain-of-function mouse models, the germ cells precociously enter meiosis or remain in the pluripotent state, respectively. We further show that interaction of β-catenin and the pluripotent-associated factor POU5F1 in the nucleus is associated with germ cell pluripotency. The exit of this complex from the nucleus correlates with germ cell differentiation, a process promoted by the up-regulation of Znrf3, a negative regulator of WNT/β-catenin signaling. Together, these data identify the molecular basis of the transition from primordial germ cells to oogonia and demonstrate that β-catenin is a central gatekeeper in ovarian differentiation and gametogenesis.

scholarly journals Cell-type-specific regulation of genes involved in testicular lipid metabolism: fatty acid-binding proteins, diacylglycerol acyltransferases, and perilipin 2

Reproduction ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 146 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo M Oresti ◽  
Jesús García-López ◽  
Marta I Aveldaño ◽  
Jesús del Mazo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding Proteins ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Germ Cell Differentiation ◽  
Perilipin 2

Male germ cell differentiation entails the synthesis and remodeling of membrane polar lipids and the formation of triacylglycerols (TAGs). This requires fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) for intracellular fatty acid traffic, a diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) to catalyze the final step of TAG biosynthesis, and a TAG storage mode. We examined the expression of genes encoding five members of the FABP family and two DGAT proteins, as well as the lipid droplet protein perilipin 2 (PLIN2), during mouse testis development and in specific cells from seminiferous epithelium.Fabp5expression was distinctive of Sertoli cells and consequently was higher in prepubertal than in adult testis. The expression ofFabp3increased in testis during postnatal development, associated with the functional differentiation of interstitial cells, but was low in germ cells.Fabp9, together withFabp12, was prominently expressed in the latter. Their transcripts increased from spermatocytes to spermatids and, interestingly, were highest in spermatid-derived residual bodies (RB). Both Sertoli and germ cells, which produce neutral lipids and store them in lipid droplets, expressedPlin2. Yet, whileDgat1was detected in Sertoli cells,Dgat2accumulated in germ cells with a similar pattern of expression asFabp9. These results correlated with polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich TAG levels also increasing with mouse germ cell differentiation highest in RB, connecting DGAT2 with the biosynthesis of such TAGs. The age- and germ cell type-associated increases inFabp9,Dgat2, andPlin2levels are thus functionally related in the last stages of germ cell differentiation.

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