Absence of a sex vesicle in meiotic foetal germ cells is consistent with an XY sex chromosome constitution

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-332
Author(s):  
Heather Hogg ◽  
Anne Mclaren
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Constitution ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Male And Female

Sex vesicles were not seen in meiotic germ cells isolated from male and female foetal adrenals, although they were readily identified in adult male meiotic germ cells prepared by the same air-drying method. It is suggested that the failure of the XY germ cells from the male adrenals to develop a sex vesicle is due to their embarking on oogenesis rather than spermatogenesis, and that the absence of a sex vesicle does not necessarily indicate lack of a Y chromosome.

Identification of sex in hop (Humulus lupulus) using molecular markers

Genome ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Polley ◽  
Martin W. Ganal ◽  
Elisabeth Seigner
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cultivated Plant ◽  
Male Specific

The rapid identification of sex in the dioecious hop (Humulus lupulus) is important for the breeding of this cultivated plant because only unfertilized flowers of the female plants are used as an ingredient in the production of beer. It is thought that a sex-chromosome mechanism controls the development of male or female plants. We have compared pools of male and female plants derived from a hop cross to identify molecular markers associated with the Y or male-specific chromosome. Of 900 functional RAPD primers, 32 revealed fragments specific for male plants that were absent in female plants of this cross. Subsequently, the 32 positive primers were tested on unrelated male and female plants. Three of these 32 primers were specific for the Y chromosome in all lines. The Y-specific product derived from one of these primers (OPJ9) was of low copy in hybridization experiments and predominantly present in male plants. Primers developed from the DNA sequence of this product provide a marker for rapid sex identification in crosses of hop by means of PCR.Key words: chromosomes, RAPD, sex-specific DNA sequences, plant breeding, Y chromosome.

scholarly journals DNA methylation is involved in sexual differentiation and sex chromosome evolution in the dioecious plant garden asparagus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Fen Li ◽  
Can-Can Lv ◽  
Li-Na Lan ◽  
Kai-Lu Jiang ◽  
Yu-Lan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Garden Asparagus ◽  
Female Flowers

AbstractDNA methylation is a crucial regulatory mechanism in many biological processes. However, limited studies have dissected the contribution of DNA methylation to sexual differentiation in dioecious plants. In this study, we investigated the variances in methylation and transcriptional patterns of male and female flowers of garden asparagus. Compared with male flowers, female flowers at the same stages showed higher levels of DNA methylation. Both male and female flowers gained DNA methylation globally from the premeiotic to meiotic stages. Detailed analysis revealed that the increased DNA methylation was largely due to increased CHH methylation. Correlation analysis of differentially expressed genes and differentially methylated regions suggested that DNA methylation might not have contributed to the expression variation of the sex-determining genes SOFF and TDF1 but probably played important roles in sexual differentiation and flower development of garden asparagus. The upregulated genes AoMS1, AoLAP3, AoAMS, and AoLAP5 with varied methylated CHH regions might have been involved in sexual differentiation and flower development of garden asparagus. Plant hormone signaling genes and transcription factor genes also participated in sexual differentiation and flower development with potential epigenetic regulation. In addition, the CG and CHG methylation levels in the Y chromosome were notably higher than those in the X chromosome, implying that DNA methylation might have been involved in Y chromosome evolution. These data provide insights into the epigenetic modification of sexual differentiation and flower development and improve our understanding of sex chromosome evolution in garden asparagus.

scholarly journals The behavior of the X- and Y-chromosomes in the oocyte during meiotic prophase in the B6.YTIR sex-reversed mouse ovary

Reproduction ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Alton ◽  
Mau Pan Lau ◽  
Michele Villemure ◽  
Teruko Taketo
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Meiotic Prophase ◽  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Mouse Ovary ◽  
Y Chromosomes

Sexual differentiation of the germ cells follows gonadal differentiation, which is determined by the presence or the absence of the Y-chromosome. Consequently, oogenesis and spermatogenesis take place in the germ cells with XX and XY sex chromosomal compositions respectively. It is unclear how sexual dimorphic regulation of meiosis is associated with the sex-chromosomal composition. In the present study, we examined the behavior of the sex chromosomes in the oocytes of the B6.YTIRsex-reversed female mouse, in comparison with XO and XX females. As the sex chromosomes fail to pair in both XY and XO oocytes during meiotic prophase, we anticipated that the pairing failure may lead to excessive oocyte loss. However, the total number of germ cells, identified by immunolabeling of germ cell nuclear antigen 1 (GCNA1), did not differ between XY and XX ovaries or XO and XX ovaries up to the day of delivery. The progression of meiotic prophase, assessed by immunolabeling of synaptonemal complex components, was also similar between the two genotypes of ovaries. These observations suggest that the failure in sex-chromosome pairing is not sufficient to cause oocyte loss. On the other hand, labeling of phosphorylated histone γH2AX, known to be associated with asynapsis and transcriptional repression, was seen over the X-chromosome but not over the Y-chromosome in the majority of XY oocytes at the pachytene stage. For comparison, γH2AX labeling was seen only in the minority of XX oocytes at the same stage. We speculate that the transcriptional activity of sex chromosomes in the XY oocyte may be incompatible with ooplasmic maturation.

Karyotypic analysis of the hermaphroditic viviparous polychaete, Hediste limnicola (Polychaeta: Nereididae): possibility of sex chromosome degeneration

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Tosuji ◽  
Kotaro Togami ◽  
Junko Miyamoto
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Pair ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Congeneric Species ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Karyotypic Analysis ◽  
Computer Assisted Image

Karyotypes of the hermaphroditic polychaete Hediste limnicola were examined using an air-drying method and genetic material prepared from regenerating tail and newborn juveniles. Materials were obtained from a lineage of cultured worms originating from Watsonville Slough (California, USA) and maintained for six years in the laboratory. Giemsa-stained preparations were analysed by a computer-assisted image-analysing system for the identification of each chromosome pair. A diploid chromosome number of 26 was obtained from well-spread metaphase chromosomes of mitotic cells, consisting of metacentric (N = 11), submetacentric (N = 1) and telocentric (N = 1) chromosomes. It is possible that hermaphroditism in this species evolved through loss of a pair of sex chromosomes, which are present in closely related congeneric species.

ABSENCE OF THE Y CHROMOSOME (XO SEX-CHROMOSOME CONSTITUTION) IN A HUMAN INTERSEX WITH AN EXTRA-ABDOMINAL TESTIS

The Lancet ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 280 (7245) ◽  
pp. 20-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Atkins ◽  
Eric Engel ◽  
DAVIDA. Flory ◽  
Mireille Engel
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Constitution ◽  
Abdominal Testis

scholarly journals Influence of sex chromosome constitution on the genomic imprinting of germ cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 103 (30) ◽  
pp. 11184-11188 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Durcova-Hills ◽  
P. Hajkova ◽  
S. Sullivan ◽  
S. Barton ◽  
M. A. Surani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Imprinting ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Constitution

scholarly journals Unusual Mammalian Sex Determination Systems: A Cabinet of Curiosities

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1770
Author(s):  
Paul A. Saunders ◽  
Frédéric Veyrunes
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Chromosome Constitution ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Cabinet Of Curiosities ◽  
Review Current

Therian mammals have among the oldest and most conserved sex-determining systems known to date. Any deviation from the standard XX/XY mammalian sex chromosome constitution usually leads to sterility or poor fertility, due to the high differentiation and specialization of the X and Y chromosomes. Nevertheless, a handful of rodents harbor so-called unusual sex-determining systems. While in some species, fertile XY females are found, some others have completely lost their Y chromosome. These atypical species have fascinated researchers for over 60 years, and constitute unique natural models for the study of fundamental processes involved in sex determination in mammals and vertebrates. In this article, we review current knowledge of these species, discuss their similarities and differences, and attempt to expose how the study of their exceptional sex-determining systems can further our understanding of general processes involved in sex chromosome and sex determination evolution.

scholarly journals INDUCED DOMINANT LETHAL MUTATIONS AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS IN GERM CELLS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER WITH TRENIMON, PDMT AND SODIUM MONOFLUOROPHOSPHATE

Genetics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Rudolf Büchi
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Lethal Mutations ◽  
Dominant Lethal Mutations ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Dominant Lethality

ABSTRACT Male and female Drosophila melanogaster with special sex chromosome or special autosome constitutions were fed with the mutagenic chemicals Trenimon (2,3,5-trisethyleneimino-1,4-benzoquinone) and PDMT (1-phenyl-3, 3-dimethyltriazene) and with the toxic substance Na2PO3F (sodium monofluorophosphate). The frequency of dominant lethality was recorded among the progeny. The results clearly show that dominant lethality is dose dependent for Trenimon- or PDMT-treated chromosomes in mature sperm and mature oocytes, and an increased amount of chromosomal material per nucleus yields an enhanced lethality. In contrast, a pure toxic effect of Na2PO3F on mature oocytes was demonstrated with one type of female.—With the stocks of Drosophila used, it is possible to distinguish between mutagenic and toxic effects of chemicals on the germ cells. Therefore, dominant lethality can be used as a simple and quick screening test for chemical mutagens.

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