Development of the lateral line system in Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-207
Author(s):  
Rudolf Winklbauer ◽  
Peter Hausen
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Periodic Pattern ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Forming Mechanism ◽  
Normal Number ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Pattern Forming

The periodic pattern of the supraorbital lateral line organs forms in the epidermis of Xenopus by the subdivision of a streak-like primordium into a linear series of small cell groups. In normal development, each such organ initially contains about 8 cells (Winklbauer & Hausen, 1983a, b). To see whether this initial organ size depends on the size of the streak-like primordium at the time of organ segregation, primordium size was reduced experimentally before the onset of pattern formation. In such small primordia, the size of the primary organs formed is not adjusted so as to allow the formation of a normal number of organs. Instead, the initial organ size is kept approximately normal, and the number of organs is correspondingly reduced, i.e. the pattern forming mechanism is not capable of ‘size regulation’.

Growth Control and Pattern Regulation in the Lateral Line Systems of Xenopus

1988 ◽  
Vol 43 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Winklbauer
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Periodic Pattern ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Line System ◽  
Forming Mechanism ◽  
Pattern Forming ◽  
Pattern Regulation

In Xenopus, the supraorbital lateral line system consists of a periodic pattern of lateral line organs which is formed by the regular fragmentation of a streak-like primordium. The pattern forming mechanism which subdivides the primordium into individual organs is not capable of adjusting to the variable size of the system. Nevertheless, the number of organs per supraorbital system tends to be held constant. This is achieved by regulating the growth of the system in an appropriate manner.

Development of the lateral line system in Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-192
Author(s):  
Rudolf Winklbauer ◽  
Peter Hausen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Line System

During normal development of the supraorbital lateral line system of Xenopus, an elongated streak of primordial cells becomes subdivided into a linear series of cell groups containing only about eight cells each, thus forming a row of primary lateral line organs (Winklbauer & Hausen, 1983a,b). In triploid Xenopus embryos, cell size is 1·5 × normal. When the formation of lateral line organs occurs in triploid primordia, the nascent organs contain only about five or six cells each, i.e. about two thirds of normal. Thus, the increase in cell size is compensated for by a corresponding reduction in cell number, keeping constant the organ size in terms of total cell mass or volume. This result excludes a cell counting mechanism for determining organ size. In diploids, the primary organs, although being of equal size initially, differ vastly in their final size and exhibit a peculiar frequency distribution of organ sizes. A detailed quantitative model for supraorbital lateral line development has been proposed, which accounts for this characteristic frequency distribution (Winklbauer & Hausen, 1983b). This model makes precise predictions as to the frequency distribution of the final size of triploid lateral line organs, where the initial organ size is reduced to five or six cells. These predictions were verified experimentally.

scholarly journals Frequency response properties of primary afferent neurons in the posterior lateral line system of larval zebrafish

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 657-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Levi ◽  
Otar Akanyeti ◽  
Aleksander Ballo ◽  
James C. Liao
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Afferent Neuron ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Afferent Neurons ◽  
Primary Afferent Neurons ◽  
Primary Afferent ◽  
Line System ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Larval Zebrafish

The ability of fishes to detect water flow with the neuromasts of their lateral line system depends on the physiology of afferent neurons as well as the hydrodynamic environment. Using larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio), we measured the basic response properties of primary afferent neurons to mechanical deflections of individual superficial neuromasts. We used two types of stimulation protocols. First, we used sine wave stimulation to characterize the response properties of the afferent neurons. The average frequency-response curve was flat across stimulation frequencies between 0 and 100 Hz, matching the filtering properties of a displacement detector. Spike rate increased asymptotically with frequency, and phase locking was maximal between 10 and 60 Hz. Second, we used pulse train stimulation to analyze the maximum spike rate capabilities. We found that afferent neurons could generate up to 80 spikes/s and could follow a pulse train stimulation rate of up to 40 pulses/s in a reliable and precise manner. Both sine wave and pulse stimulation protocols indicate that an afferent neuron can maintain their evoked activity for longer durations at low stimulation frequencies than at high frequencies. We found one type of afferent neuron based on spontaneous activity patterns and discovered a correlation between the level of spontaneous and evoked activity. Overall, our results establish the baseline response properties of lateral line primary afferent neurons in larval zebrafish, which is a crucial step in understanding how vertebrate mechanoreceptive systems sense and subsequently process information from the environment.

scholarly journals Diversity and sexual dimorphism in the head lateral line system in North Sea populations of threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus (Teleostei: Gasterosteidae)

Zoomorphology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Ahnelt ◽  
David Ramler ◽  
Maria Ø. Madsen ◽  
Lasse F. Jensen ◽  
Sonja Windhager
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Threespine Stickleback ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System ◽  
Marine Population ◽  
Threespine Sticklebacks

AbstractThe mechanosensory lateral line of fishes is a flow sensing system and supports a number of behaviors, e.g. prey detection, schooling or position holding in water currents. Differences in the neuromast pattern of this sensory system reflect adaptation to divergent ecological constraints. The threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, is known for its ecological plasticity resulting in three major ecotypes, a marine type, a migrating anadromous type and a resident freshwater type. We provide the first comparative study of the pattern of the head lateral line system of North Sea populations representing these three ecotypes including a brackish spawning population. We found no distinct difference in the pattern of the head lateral line system between the three ecotypes but significant differences in neuromast numbers. The anadromous and the brackish populations had distinctly less neuromasts than their freshwater and marine conspecifics. This difference in neuromast number between marine and anadromous threespine stickleback points to differences in swimming behavior. We also found sexual dimorphism in neuromast number with males having more neuromasts than females in the anadromous, brackish and the freshwater populations. But no such dimorphism occurred in the marine population. Our results suggest that the head lateral line of the three ecotypes is under divergent hydrodynamic constraints. Additionally, sexual dimorphism points to divergent niche partitioning of males and females in the anadromous and freshwater but not in the marine populations. Our findings imply careful sampling as an important prerequisite to discern especially between anadromous and marine threespine sticklebacks.

Larval lampreys possess a functional lateral line system

2006 ◽  
Vol 193 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gelman ◽  
A. Ayali ◽  
E. D. Tytell ◽  
A. H. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Line ◽  
Lateral Line System ◽  
Line System
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