The First Appearance of Specific Antigens during the Induction of the Lens1

Development ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-202
Author(s):  
Jan Langman
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Retinal Surface ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Lens Placode ◽  
Placode Formation

The formation of the lens in the chick embryo is known to depend upon ‘inductive’ influences from the eye-cup (Alexander, 1937; Van Deth, 1940; Waddington & Cohen, 1936). A period of direct contact between eye-cup and presumptive lens ectoderm from the 9- to the 20-somite stage is essential for the induction (Weiss, 1947; McKeehan, 1951; Langman, 1956). At the beginning of this period (9–12-somite stage), the cytoplasm of the presumptive lens ectoderm cells is vacuolated and the nuclei have a random distribution, as in the ectodermal epithelium of the head region. During subsequent development (13–16-somite stage) the intracellular vacuoles disappear from the presumptive lens ectoderm and the nuclei become gradually displaced toward the base of the cells in contact with the retinal surface (McKeehan, 1951). At the 16–19-somite stage the cells become more and more columnar (so-called palisading phenomenon) and the nuclei elongated perpendicularly to the basement membrane (lens placode formation).

Appearance of Antigens during Development of the Lens

Development ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-274
Author(s):  
Jan Langman
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Level ◽  
Cylindrical Shape ◽  
Vesicle Formation ◽  
Retinal Surface ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Apical Cytoplasm ◽  
Lens Vesicle ◽  
Lens Placode ◽  
Placode Formation

Those cells of the head ectoderm of chick embryos which are to give rise to the lens show the first signs of differentiation at the 13–16-somite Stage: the nuclei become cylindrical and move gradually toward the base of the cells, while the vacuoles present in the cytoplasm decrease in size and number. During the 16–20-somite stage the changes become clear-cut as the cells transform from a cuboidal to a high cylindrical shape and the nuclei elongate and move perpendicularly to the retinal surface (placode formation; Plate 1, fig. 1b; McKeehan, 1951; Van Doorenmaalen, 1958; Langman et al., 1957). During the 20–30-somite stage the lens placode invaginates and gradually forms a lens vesicle which remains attached to the ectoderm until the 30–31-somite stage, but separates from it at the 32–33-somite stage (lens vesicle formation; Plate 1, figs. 1c, 2b, 2c). At the cellular level it was noted that acidophilic fibres appear in the apical cytoplasm at the 23–24-somite stage.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF METALS

1928 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick S. Hammett ◽  
Vilma L. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lead Ion ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Differential Development

Our study of the effect of the lead ion on the development of the chick embryo has brought out the following facts: 1. Gross growth is retarded. 2. Somite growth is retarded to a degree greater than that exhibited by body length and width. 3. The head and optic anlagen are regions of particular sensitivity. Their differential development is markedly inhibited. From the purely biological point of view these results are in line with the findings of Child (10) and his school as to the sensitivity of the head end of rapidly growing organisms to harmful influences, and with those of Stockard (11) as to the peculiar sensitivity of the optic anlagen. It is almost too well known to need repetition that the head region and the somites of embryos are specific areas of intense growth by increase in cell number. Therefore, turning from the general to the particular, the differential retardation of these regions which is caused by lead, is evidence justifying the conclusion that it is areas of rapid growth by cell proliferation which are selectively inhibited by this metallic ion.

Differentiation of kidney antigens in the human foetus

Development ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-537
Author(s):  
Ewert Linder
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Mouse Kidney ◽  
Human Foetus ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Number Of Authors

The appearance of new antigens in the embryo during differentiation has been investigated by a number of authors. Among the proteins studied were myosin (Holtzer, 1961; Ebert, 1962), Jens crystallin (Ten Cate & Van Doorenmaalen, 1950), chick embryo haemoglobin (Wilt, 1962), and keratin during feather formation in chick embryo (Ben-Or & Bell, 1965). The development of liver proteins in the chick embryo was studied by D'Amelio, Mutolo & Piazza (1963). Okada & Sato (1963) and Okada (1965) studied the appearance of a ‘kidney-specific’ antigen in the developing mesonephros. Lahti & Saxen (1966) demonstrated the appearance of mouse kidney-specific tubule antigens during development both in vivo and in vitro. ‘Kidney-specific’ antigens are found in the metanephric proximal secreting tubules of various mammals (Hill & Cruickshank, 1953; Weiler, 1956; Groupe & Kaplan, 1967; Nairn, Ghose & Maxwell, 1967), including man (Nairn, Ghose, Fothergill & McEntegart, 1962), and in the mesonephric tubules of birds.

Etude par immunofluorescence de l'apparition d'antigènes neuro-spécifiques d'adulte chez l'embryon de Poulet

Development ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
N. Touzet ◽  
R. Jeanmaire-Zylberberg ◽  
M. Chaminade
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Immunofluorescent Study ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
Fluorescent Cells ◽  
Marked Fluorescence

Immunofluorescent study of the distribution of adult neuro-specific antigens in the chick embryo The adult neuro-specific antigens have been localized by immunofluorescence techniques in diencephalon and mesencephalon of chick embryo. This study has been made using fresh or fixed tissues from embryos 72, 48 or 36 h old. At 72 h of incubation the wall of diencephalon shows marked fluorescence; at 48 h of incubation the fluorescent cells are localized in an outer layer and an inner one. In the 48 h-old embryo the reaction is more distinct and intensive in fresh tissues than in fixed tissues. At 36 h of incubation no fluorescence has been detected either in fresh tissues or in fixed tissues.

scholarly journals Neural tube-ectoderm interactions are required for trigeminal placode formation

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 4287-4295 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Stark ◽  
J. Sechrist ◽  
M. Bronner-Fraser ◽  
C. Marcelle
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Surface Ectoderm ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Tissue Interactions ◽  
Cranial Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Cranial Sensory Ganglia ◽  
Placode Formation

Cranial sensory ganglia in vertebrates develop from the ectodermal placodes, the neural crest, or both. Although much is known about the neural crest contribution to cranial ganglia, relatively little is known about how placode cells form, invaginate and migrate to their targets. Here, we identify Pax-3 as a molecular marker for placode cells that contribute to the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal ganglion and use it, in conjunction with DiI labeling of the surface ectoderm, to analyze some of the mechanisms underlying placode development. Pax-3 expression in the ophthalmic placode is observed as early as the 4-somite stage in a narrow band of ectoderm contiguous to the midbrain neural folds. Its expression broadens to a patch of ectoderm adjacent to the midbrain and the rostral hindbrain at the 8- to 10-somite stage. Invagination of the first Pax-3-positive cells begins at the 13-somite stage. Placodal invagination continues through the 35-somite stage, by which time condensation of the trigeminal ganglion has begun. To challenge the normal tissue interactions leading to placode formation, we ablated the cranial neural crest cells or implanted barriers between the neural tube and the ectoderm. Our results demonstrate that, although the presence of neural crest cells is not mandatory for Pax-3 expression in the forming placode, a diffusible signal from the neuroectoderm is required for induction and/or maintenance of the ophthalmic placode.

The distribution of muscle fibre types in chick embryo wings transplanted to the pelvic region is normal

Development ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-82
Author(s):  
N. G. Laing ◽  
A. H. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Muscle Fibre ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Pelvic Region ◽  
Lateral Motor Column ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Staining ◽  
Slow Muscle Fibres ◽  
Atpase Staining

Chick embryo wing buds were transplanted to the pelvic region in place of, or in addition to, the hindlimb bud prior to innervation. The wrist muscle ulnimetacarpalis dorsalis (umd) was innervated by middle-dorsal or middle-ventral motoneurons in the lumbar lateral motor column (LMC) in a rostrocaudal position which varied with the rostrocaudal position of the wing. Despite the heterotopic innervation the subsequent development of the distributions of fast and slow muscle fibres, as judged by ATPase staining, was normal in all muscles examined. The pattern of innervation in the umd, as judged by acetylcholinesterase staining also developed normally. It is probable that muscle fibre type is intrinsically, not neurogenically, determined.

Transient embryonic antigens in the chick

Development ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-516
Author(s):  
D. J. McCallion ◽  
J. C. Trott
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Adult Chicken ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Chicken Brain ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Antigens ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
The Brain

The Presence of an organ antigen in the early chick embryo was first demonstrated by Schechtman (1948). He found that an antigenic substance common to brain, heart, liver and muscle of chicks at hatching is already present in primitive streak and early neurula stages of the embryo. This observation, with respect to brain and heart, was subsequently confirmed by Ebert (1950). McCallion & Langman (1964) have recently demonstrated that there are at least eight antigenic substances in the adult chicken brain that are class-specific but that are more or less common to other organs, with only quantitative differences. These authors have further demonstrated that there are at least three, possibly as many as five, antigenic substances in adult chicken brain that are not only class-specific but also tissue-specific, occurring only in the brain, spinal cord, nervous retina and nerves. The non-specific antigens appear progressively during the first 4 days of incubation.

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