Morphallaxis in an epimorphic system: size, growth control and pattern formation during amphibian limb regeneration

M. Maden

doi:10.1242/dev.65.supplement.151

Morphallaxis in an epimorphic system: size, growth control and pattern formation during amphibian limb regeneration

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.65.supplement.151 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 65 (Supplement) ◽

pp. 151-167

Author(s):

M. Maden

Keyword(s):

Pattern Formation ◽

Limb Development ◽

Limb Regeneration ◽

Growth Control ◽

System Size ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Adult Size ◽

Theoretical Concepts ◽

Size Dependent ◽

Size Growth

An essential component of most theories of pattern formation in epimorphic systems is that growth and pattern formation are strictly linked. Furthermore it has been assumed that epimorphic systems display size dependence, i.e. the pattern elements are always of a fixed size. These assumptions are challenged in the work described here on amphibian limb regeneration. The sizes of elements regenerating from small and large limbs and from normal and partially denervated limbs have been measured along with a detailed study of their subsequent growth stages. It is shown that the size of elements within one group of animals is remarkably constant even though their final, adult size is very different. But between groups of animals (large versus small or normal versus partially denervated) their sizes vary considerably. Therefore this classical epimorphic system is not size dependent, calling for a revision of current theoretical concepts. The similarities between this type of behaviour and that in morphallactic systems is discussed as well as similarities with growth control in limb development.

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Position-Dependent Growth Control and Pattern Formation in Limb Regeneration

Recent Trends in Regeneration Research ◽

10.1007/978-1-4684-9057-2_36 ◽

1989 ◽

pp. 377-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Susan V. Bryant ◽

David M. Gardiner

Keyword(s):

Pattern Formation ◽

Limb Regeneration ◽

Growth Control ◽

Dependent Growth

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An extracellular matrix molecule of newt and axolotl regenerating limb blastemas and embryonic limb buds: immunological relationship of MT1 antigen with tenascin

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.108.4.657 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 108 (4) ◽

pp. 657-668 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. Onda ◽

D.J. Goldhamer ◽

R.A. Tassava

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Limb Development ◽

Limb Regeneration ◽

Growth Control ◽

Thick Layer ◽

Limb Bud ◽

Extracellular Matrix Molecule ◽

The Matrix ◽

Embryonic Limb ◽

Immunological Relationship

Several well-characterized extracellular matrix (ECM) components have been localized to the amphibian limb regenerate, but the identification and characterization of novel ECM molecules have received little attention. Here we describe, using mAb MT1 and immunocytochemistry, an ECM molecule expressed during limb regeneration and limb development. In limb stumps, mAb MT1 reactivity was restricted to tendons, myotendinous junctions, granules in the basal layers of epidermis, periosteum (newts) and perichondrium (axolotls). In regenerating limbs, reactivity in the distal limb stump was first detected 5 days and 1 day after amputation of newt and axolotl limbs, respectively. In both species, mAb MT1 recognized what appeared to be an abundant blastema matrix antigen, localized in both thin and thick cords between and sometimes closely associated with blastema cells. Reactivity was generally uniform throughout the blastema except for a particularly thick layer that was present immediately beneath the wound epithelium. During redifferentiation stages, mAb MT1 reactivity persisted among blastema cells and redifferentiating cartilage but was lost proximally in areas of muscle and connective tissue differentiation. During the entire period of embryonic limb development, mAb MT1 reactivity was seen in the ECM of the mesenchyme and in a layer beneath the limb bud ectoderm, similar to its distribution during regeneration. Considerable mAb MT1 reactivity was also associated with the developing somites. The reactivity of mAb MT1 in blastema and limb bud was similar if not identical to that of a polyclonal Ab against tenascin (pAbTN), a large, extracellular matrix glycoprotein implicated in growth control, inductive interactions, and other developmental events. This pAbTN effectively competed against mAb MT1 binding on blastema sections. In immunoblots, both mAb MT1 and pAbTN recognized a very high molecular weight (approximately Mr 1000 × 10(3)) protein in blastema extracts of both newts and axolotls. mAb MT1 immunoprecipitated a protein of Mr 1000K size which reacted to both mAb MT1 and pAbTN in immunoblots. These data show that tenascin is in the matrix of the urodele blastema and limb bud, and suggest that mAb MT1 identifies urodele tenascin.

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System Size-Dependent Transport Properties in Materials of Nanoscale Dimension

The Journal of Physical Chemistry C ◽

10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c01043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 125 (12) ◽

pp. 6963-6974

Author(s):

Ravi C. Dutta ◽

Christian C. Zuluaga-Bedoya ◽

Suresh K. Bhatia

Keyword(s):

Transport Properties ◽

System Size ◽

Size Dependent ◽

Dependent Transport

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Citral, an inhibitor of retinoic acid synthesis, modifies pattern formation during limb regeneration in the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z99-147 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 77 (11) ◽

pp. 1835-1837 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Steven R Scadding

Keyword(s):

Retinoic Acid ◽

Pattern Formation ◽

Limb Regeneration ◽

Acid Synthesis ◽

Ambystoma Mexicanum

While the effects of exogenous retinoids on amphibian limb regeneration have been studied extensively, the role of endogenous retinoids is not clear. Hence, I wished to investigate the role of endogenous retinoic acid during axolotl limb regeneration. Citral is a known inhibitor of retinoic acid synthesis. Thus, I treated regenerating limbs of the larval axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum with citral. The result of this inhibition of retinoic acid synthesis was that limb regeneration became extremely irregular and hypomorphic, with serious pattern defects, or was inhibited altogether. I conclude that endogenous retinoic acid plays an important role in pattern formation during limb regeneration.

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Symmetrical vascularization patterns in normal and retinoic acid treated limb regenerates of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z98-097 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 76 (9) ◽

pp. 1795-1796 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Steven R Scadding ◽

Andrew Burns

Keyword(s):

Retinoic Acid ◽

Pattern Formation ◽

Vascular System ◽

Limb Regeneration ◽

Ambystoma Mexicanum ◽

Limb Pattern ◽

Regeneration Blastema

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether there were any asymmetries in the vascularization of the limb-regeneration blastema in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, that might be related to pattern formation, and to determine if retinoic acid could modify the vascular patterns of the blastema. We used acrylic casts of the vascular system of the limbs to assess the pattern of vascularization. We observed a very regular symmetrical arrangement of capillaries in the limb-regeneration blastema that did not appear to be modified by doses of retinoic acid sufficient to modify the limb pattern.

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The application of aqueous two-phase partition to the study of chick limb mesenchymal diversification

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.94.1.267 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 267-275

Author(s):

C. P. Cottrill ◽

Paul T. Sharpe ◽

Lewis Wolpert

Keyword(s):

Pattern Formation ◽

Limb Development ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Proximal Region ◽

Limb Bud ◽

Cell Populations ◽

Two Phase ◽

Phase Partition ◽

Surface Character ◽

Two Phase Partition

A technique which identifies cells differing in surface character, aqueous two-phase partition using thin-layer countercurrent distribution (TLCCD), has been used to study differentiation and pattern formation in the developing chick limb bud. The TLCCD profiles of cell populations, derived from various regions of morphologically undifferentiated mesenchyme from three different stages of limb development, have been compared. At no stage, or location, has the population been found to be homogeneous. Cells from progress zones and more proximal regions could all be resolved into several populations. The populations from progress zones at three different developmental stages were qualitatively similar but differed in the proportions of cells in each. The most striking differences in cell populations were those obtained from the most proximal region of the limb, closest to the flank, which represents the developmentally most advanced region.

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The dominant hemimelia mutation uncouples epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and disrupts anterior mesenchyme formation in mouse hindlimbs

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.126.21.4729 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 126 (21) ◽

pp. 4729-4736

Author(s):

L. Lettice ◽

J. Hecksher-Sorensen ◽

R.E. Hill

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Pattern Formation ◽

Limb Development ◽

Limb Bud ◽

Mouse Mutation ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Limb Outgrowth ◽

Gene Functions ◽

Regulatory Loop ◽

Limb Initiation

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are essential for both limb outgrowth and pattern formation in the limb. Molecules capable of communication between these two tissues are known and include the signaling molecules SHH and FGF4, FGF8 and FGF10. Evidence suggests that the pattern and maintenance of expression of these genes are dependent on a number of factors including regulatory loops between genes expressed in the AER and those in the underlying mesenchyme. We show here that the mouse mutation dominant hemimelia (Dh) alters the pattern of gene expression in the AER such that Fgf4, which is normally expressed in a posterior domain, and Fgf8, which is expressed throughout are expressed in anterior patterns. We show that maintenance of Shh expression in the posterior mesenchyme is not dependent on either expression of Fgf4 or normal levels of Fgf8 in the overlying AER. Conversely, AER expression of Fgf4 is not directly dependent on Shh expression. Also the reciprocal regulatory loop proposed for Fgf8 in the AER and Fgf10 in the underlying mesenchyme is also uncoupled by this mutation. Early during the process of limb initiation, Dh is involved in regulating the width of the limb bud, the mutation resulting in selective loss of anterior mesenchyme. The Dh gene functions in the initial stages of limb development and we suggest that these initial roles are linked to mechanisms that pattern gene expression in the AER.

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