Evidence for a metameric pattern in the development of the chick humerus

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-205
Author(s):  
Trent D. Stephens ◽  
Teresa R. McNulty
Keyword(s):  
Tantalum Foil ◽  
Wing Development ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Specific Point ◽  
Mesonephric Duct ◽  
Wing Bud ◽  
Entire Limb

It has been proposed that the wing bud is induced by some axial influence at a specific confined location and that the ZPA is the residual influence of such induction. The purpose of the present investigation was to test this hypothesis. Tantalum foil barriers were placed lateral to the mesonephric duct and parallel to the long axis of the embryo in the wing field of stage-12 to -15 chick embryos. These barriers blocked the somatopleure's communication with more medial tissues at specific somitic levels. The results of these experiments demonstrate that (1) the limb is not induced at one specific point, (2) portions of the humerus appear to be induced segmentally along the entire limb field and (3) the ZPA is not induced by axial structures. We propose a model of wing development suggesting that the humerus is induced as several separate components which then fuse to form the definitive bone.

Role of the chicken homeobox-containing genes GHox-4.6 and GHox-8 in the specification of positional identities during the development of normal and polydactylous chick limb buds

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 629-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.N. Coelho ◽  
W.B. Upholt ◽  
R.A. Kosher
Keyword(s):  
Limb Development ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Hox Gene ◽  
Wing Bud ◽  
Coated Bead ◽  
Experimentally Induced

During early stages of normal chick limb development, the homeobox-containing (HOX) gene GHox-4.6 is expressed throughout the posterior mesoderm of the wing bud from which most of the skeletal elements including the digits will develop, whereas GHox-8 is expressed in the anterior limb bud mesoderm which will not give rise to skeletal elements. In the present study, we have examined the expression of GHox-4.6 and GHox-8 in the wing buds of two polydactylous mutant chick embryos, diplopodia-5 and talpid2, from which supernumerary digits develop from anterior limb mesoderm, and have also examined the expression of these genes in response to polarizing zone grafts and retinoic acid-coated bead implants which induce the formation of supernumerary digits from anterior limb mesoderm. We have found that the formation of supernumerary digits from the anterior mesoderm in mutant and experimentally induced polydactylous limb buds is preceded by the ectopic expression of GHox-4.6 in the anterior mesoderm and the coincident suppression of GHox-8 expression in the anterior mesoderm. These observations suggest that the anterior mesoderm of the polydactylous limb buds is “posteriorized” and support the suggestion that GHox-8 and GHox-4.6, respectively, are involved in specifying the anterior non-skeletal and posterior digit-forming regions of the limb bud. Although the anterior mesodermal domain of GHox-8 expression is severely impaired in the mutant and experimentally induced polydactylous limb buds, this gene is expressed by the prolonged, thickened apical ectodermal ridges of the polydactylous limb buds that extend along the distal anterior as well as the distal posterior mesoderm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cell proliferation in the developing wing-bud of normal and talpid3 mutant chick embryos

Development ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-607
Author(s):  
D. A. Ede ◽  
O. P. Flint ◽  
P. Teague
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mitotic Rate ◽  
Mitotic Division ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Division Rate ◽  
Cell Cycle Time ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Wing Bud ◽  
Marked Drop

Previous measurements on mitotic division rate or cell cycle time have been made on samples from a few discrete limb regions or by continuous sampling, but only down a unidimensional limb axis, disregarding morphological discontinuities such as the presence or absence of cartilage. This study presents a new analysis on normal and talpid3 mutant chick embryos, measuring mitotic rate and also cell density through the central proximo-distal axis and at the limb periphery, taking into account the development of cartilage regions. Differentiation of cartilage is correlated with a marked drop in mitotic rate, accounting for a proximo-distal gradient of mitosis in central counts which was not observed at the limb periphery. Talpid3 limbs at an early stage show a central mitotic gradient, but the reverse of that observed in normal limbs.

The stages of flank ectoderm capable of responding to ridge induction in the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
Jill L. Carrington ◽  
John F. Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Substantial Proportion ◽  
Wing Development ◽  
Limb Outgrowth ◽  
Wing Bud ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Inductive Signals

Reports on the stages when chick flank ectoderm can respond to ridge induction are contradictory. Different results have been obtained using presumptive wing or leg bud mesoderm as the inducing tissue with flank ectoderm as the responding tissue. In addition, although incomplete outgrowths have been obtained from recombinants with stage-19 flank ectoderm in a small percentage of cases, no complete outgrowths have been obtained from recombinants with ectoderm older than stage 18. We reinvestigated when chick flank ectoderm can respond to ridge induction and promote outgrowth of complete limbs. To do this, we combined flank ectoderm with in situ chick presumptive wing bud mesoderm using a pre-limb bud recombinant technique. When presumptive wing bud ectoderm was removed from the host and not replaced, wing development was suppressed. When host ectoderm was replaced with stage-15 through -18 chick flank ectoderm, limbs grew out in all cases; 86·% of these recombinant limbs were distally complete. Stage-19 flank ectoderm formed a ridge and promoted limb outgrowth in 80·9% of recombinants; 52·9% of these were distally complete limbs. Recombinants made by grafting early stage-20 (40-somite donor) flank ectoderm to stage-15 hosts resulted in outgrowths in 60% of the cases and 33·3% of these were distally complete. Graft ectoderm from older donors did not respond to inductive mesoderm. Our results demonstrate that chick flank ectoderm from stage-15 through early stage-20 donors can respond to inductive signals from presumptive wing bud mesoderm to form an apical ridge. This ridge can promote outgrowth of distally complete wings in a substantial proportion of recombinants. This is two stages beyond when the ability to promote outgrowth of distally complete wings appeared to be lost using other methods.

Paths taken by sensory nerve fibres in aneural chick wing buds

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
Gavin J. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibre ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Axon Outgrowth ◽  
Sensory Ganglia ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Embryo Chick ◽  
Wing Bud ◽  
Host Embryo

What constrains growing nerves to follow the paths they take during the development of peripheral nerve patterns? This paper examines two, related, topics concerning the pathways taken by sensory nerve fibres in the embryo chick wing: the constraints imposed on the nerves by limb tissues; and the timing of axon outgrowth. Sensory ganglia from 7-day-old chick embryos were grafted into younger host embryo wing buds which had been previously denervated. The resultant nerve patterns revealed that, first, nerve fibres could grow almost anywhere within the wing bud, with the exceptions of cartilage and a region just beneath the growing tip. Secondly, the younger the host wing bud at the time of grafting, the more likely the neurites were to form a thick fascicle which followed the limb's normal nerve pathways. The wing apparently does not impose a rigid restraint on nerves to grow only along certain routes; however, if a nerve fibre reaches a normal nerve pathway, it prefers to follow it.

Rib development in chick embryos analyzed by means of tantalum foil blocks

1969 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Sweeney ◽  
Ray L. Watterson
Keyword(s):  
Tantalum Foil ◽  
Chick Embryos

scholarly journals Developmental timing scales wing patterning between avian species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Stainton ◽  
Matthew Towers
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Developmental Timing ◽  
Wing Development ◽  
Comparable Rate ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Wing Bud ◽  
Pattern Specification ◽  
Tissue Grafts

How development is timed between differently sized species is a fundamental question in biology. To address this problem, we compared wing development in the quail and the larger chick. We reveal that developmental timing is faster in the quail than in the chick, and is associated with pattern specification, proliferation, organiser duration, differentiation and apoptosis. However, developmental timing is independent of the growth rate, which is equivalent between both species, and therefore scales pattern to the size of the wing. We reveal that developmental timing can be either maintained or reset in interspecies tissue grafts, and we implicate retinoic acid as the resetting signal. Accordingly, retinoic acid can switch species developmental timing and rescale pattern, both between the quail and chick, and the chick and the larger turkey. We suggest that the scaling of pattern to wing bud size is achieved by the modulation of developmental timing against a comparable rate of growth.Summary- We show that developmental timing scales wing patterning

scholarly journals ‘Regeneration’ of wing bud stumps of chick embryos and reactivation of Msx-1 and Shh expression in response to FGF-4 and ridge signals

1996 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstadina Kostakopoulou ◽  
Astrid Vogel ◽  
Paul Brickell ◽  
Cheryll Tickle
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Wing Bud
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