Morphologic aspects of adhesion and spreading behavior of amphibian blastula and gastrula cells

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-163
Author(s):  
Jacqueline LeBlanc ◽  
Irving Brick
Keyword(s):  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Germ Layer ◽  
Superficial Cell ◽  
Germ Layers ◽  
Spreading Behavior ◽  
Morphologic Characteristics ◽  
Distal Surface

By means of SEM we have examined spreading and adhesive behavior of cells isolated from superficial and deep regions of germ layers from blastula to late gastrula in Rana pipiens embryos. Each of the cell populations sampled show adhesive and spreading characteristics distinctive for each region and stage which we interpret as demonstrating the following: (1) From blastula through late gastrula, cells from each region have already acquired the ability to express surface morphologic and adhesive features independently of their association with their neighbors, i.e. autonomously. (2) The distinctive spreading and adhesive characteristics for each tissue sub-population suggest kinetic properties seemingly related to their in vivo morphogenetic movements, epiboly or invagination. (3) The appearance within germ layers of two subpopulations between blastula to midgastrula, suggests early intratissue inductive interactions. (4) The outermost, superficial cells from each germ layer show proximal and distal surface differences which may reflect adhesive differentials as postulated by Steinberg (1970) for presumptive ectoderm cells. (5) With the exception of superficial cell proximal and distal differentiation, freshly disaggregated cells do not show morphologic characteristics seen in corresponding cells spreading for one hour.

Bone Marrow Niches for Skeletal Progenitor Cells and their Inhabitants in Health and Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marietta Herrmann ◽  
Franz Jakob
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Progenitor Cell ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Surface Markers ◽  
Bone Marrow Niches

The bone marrow hosts skeletal progenitor cells which have most widely been referred to as Mesenchymal Stem or Stromal Cells (MSCs), a heterogeneous population of adult stem cells possessing the potential for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. A consensus agreement on minimal criteria has been suggested to define MSCs in vitro, including adhesion to plastic, expression of typical surface markers and the ability to differentiate towards the adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages but they are critically discussed since the differentiation capability of cells could not always be confirmed by stringent assays in vivo. However, these in vitro characteristics have led to the notion that progenitor cell populations, similar to MSCs in bone marrow, reside in various tissues. MSCs are in the focus of numerous (pre)clinical studies on tissue regeneration and repair.Recent advances in terms of genetic animal models enabled a couple of studies targeting skeletal progenitor cells in vivo. Accordingly, different skeletal progenitor cell populations could be identified by the expression of surface markers including nestin and leptin receptor. While there are still issues with the identity of, and the overlap between different cell populations, these studies suggested that specific microenvironments, referred to as niches, host and maintain skeletal progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Dynamic mutual interactions through biological and physical cues between niche constituting cells and niche inhabitants control dormancy, symmetric and asymmetric cell division and lineage commitment. Niche constituting cells, inhabitant cells and their extracellular matrix are subject to influences of aging and disease e.g. via cellular modulators. Protective niches can be hijacked and abused by metastasizing tumor cells, and may even be adapted via mutual education. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on bone marrow skeletal progenitor cell niches in physiology and pathophysiology. We discuss the plasticity and dynamics of bone marrow niches as well as future perspectives of targeting niches for therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals PMN-MDSCs Enhance CTC Metastatic Properties through Reciprocal Interactions via ROS/Notch/Nodal Signaling

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc L. Sprouse ◽  
Thomas Welte ◽  
Debasish Boral ◽  
Haowen N. Liu ◽  
Wei Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Nodal Signaling ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Tumoricidal Activity ◽  
Notch Activation ◽  
Notch1 Receptor

Intratumoral infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) is known to promote neoplastic growth by inhibiting the tumoricidal activity of T cells. However, direct interactions between patient-derived MDSCs and circulating tumors cells (CTCs) within the microenvironment of blood remain unexplored. Dissecting interplays between CTCs and circulatory MDSCs by heterotypic CTC/MDSC clustering is critical as a key mechanism to promote CTC survival and sustain the metastatic process. We characterized CTCs and polymorphonuclear-MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) isolated in parallel from peripheral blood of metastatic melanoma and breast cancer patients by multi-parametric flow cytometry. Transplantation of both cell populations in the systemic circulation of mice revealed significantly enhanced dissemination and metastasis in mice co-injected with CTCs and PMN-MDSCs compared to mice injected with CTCs or MDSCs alone. Notably, CTC/PMN-MDSC clusters were detected in vitro and in vivo either in patients’ blood or by longitudinal monitoring of blood from animals. This was coupled with in vitro co-culturing of cell populations, demonstrating that CTCs formed physical clusters with PMN-MDSCs; and induced their pro-tumorigenic differentiation through paracrine Nodal signaling, augmenting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by PMN-MDSCs. These findings were validated by detecting significantly higher Nodal and ROS levels in blood of cancer patients in the presence of naïve, heterotypic CTC/PMN-MDSC clusters. Augmented PMN-MDSC ROS upregulated Notch1 receptor expression in CTCs through the ROS-NRF2-ARE axis, thus priming CTCs to respond to ligand-mediated (Jagged1) Notch activation. Jagged1-expressing PMN-MDSCs contributed to enhanced Notch activation in CTCs by engagement of Notch1 receptor. The reciprocity of CTC/PMN-MDSC bi-directional paracrine interactions and signaling was functionally validated in inhibitor-based analyses, demonstrating that combined Nodal and ROS inhibition abrogated CTC/PMN-MDSC interactions and led to a reduction of CTC survival and proliferation. This study provides seminal evidence showing that PMN-MDSCs, additive to their immuno-suppressive roles, directly interact with CTCs and promote their dissemination and metastatic potency. Targeting CTC/PMN-MDSC heterotypic clusters and associated crosstalks can therefore represent a novel therapeutic avenue for limiting hematogenous spread of metastatic disease.

Glycogen phosphorylase in fish muscle: demonstration of three interconvertible forms

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (2) ◽  
pp. C344-C351 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schmidt ◽  
G. Wegener
Keyword(s):  
Glycogen Phosphorylase ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Phosphorylase Activity ◽  
Tissue Extracts

White skeletal muscle of crucian carp contains a single isoenzyme of glycogen phosphorylase, which was purified approximately 300-fold to a specific activity of approximately 13 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1 (assayed in the direction of glycogen breakdown at 25 degrees C). Tissue extracts of crucian muscle produced three distinct peaks of phosphorylase activity when separated on DEAE-Sephacel. Peaks 1 and 3 were identified, in terms of kinetic properties and by interconversion experiments, as phosphorylase b and a, respectively. Peak 2 was shown to be a phospho-dephospho hybrid. The three interconvertible forms of phosphorylase were purified and shown to be dimeric molecules at 20 degrees C. At 5 degrees C, a and the hybrid tended to form tetramers. The Mr of the subunit was estimated to be 96,400 from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The hybrid is kinetically homogeneous, and its kinetic properties are intermediate between those of b and a forms. The b, hybrid, and a forms of phosphorylase can be isolated from rapidly frozen muscle of crucian but in different proportions, depending on whether fish were anesthetized or forced to muscular activity for 20 s. Muscle of anesthetized crucian had 36, 36, and 28% of phosphorylase b, hybrid, and a forms, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for exercised fish were 12, 37, and 51%. Results suggest that three interconvertible forms of phosphorylase exist simultaneously in crucian muscle and that hybrid phosphorylase is active in contracting muscle in vivo.

scholarly journals Parameterization of in Vivo Leukemic Cell Populations

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.I. Rubinow ◽  
J.L. Lebowitz ◽  
Anne-Marie Sapse
Keyword(s):  
Leukemic Cell ◽  
Cell Populations

Cell-intrinsic regulation of murine dendritic cell function and survival by prereceptor amplification of glucocorticoid

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (19) ◽  
pp. 3288-3297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelise Soulier ◽  
Sandra M. Blois ◽  
Shivajanani Sivakumaran ◽  
Farnaz Fallah-Arani ◽  
Stephen Henderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Cell Survival ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Dendritic Cell Function ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Intrinsic Regulation

Key Points Murine dendritic cell populations are highly proficient in amplifying local glucocorticoid concentrations. This property is critical in regulating dendritic cell survival and functions in vivo.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF COLCHICINE ON MYOGENESIS IN VIVO IN RANA PIPIENS AND RHODNIUS PROLIXUS (HEMIPTERA)

1968 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Cell Shape ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Rhodnius Prolixus ◽  
Microtubule Disruption ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Tadpole Tail ◽  
Differentiation And Dedifferentiation ◽  
Regeneration Blastema

The effect of colchicine on myogenesis in vivo has been studied in the regenerating tadpole tail of the frog, Rana pipiens, and in the abdominal molting muscles of a blood-sucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus Stål. Colchicine is shown to disrupt microtubules in the differentiating muscle cells of both these organisms. The disruption of microtubules is correlated with a loss of longitudinal anisometry in the myoblasts and myotubes of the regeneration blastema in the tadpole tail. Before colchicine treatment, the myotubes contain longitudinally oriented myofibrils. After colchicine treatment, rounded, multinucleate myosacs containing randomly oriented myofibrils are present. It is suggested that the primary function of microtubules in myogenesis in the Rana pipiens tadpole is the maintenance of cell shape. The abdominal molting muscles of Rhodnius undergo repeated phases of differentiation and dedifferentiation of the sarcoplasm. However, the longitudinal anisometry of the muscle fibers is maintained in all phases by the attachments of the ends of the fibers to the exoskeleton, and microtubule disruption does not alter cell shape. The orientation of the developing myofibrils is also unaltered, indicating that the microtubules do not directly align or support the myofibrils in this system.

CMVpp65-Specific T cells generated from naïve T cell populations recognize atypical but not canonical epitopes and may be protective in Vivo

Cytotherapy ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. S9-S10
Author(s):  
Patrick Hanley ◽  
Joseph Melenhorst ◽  
Russell Cruz ◽  
Caridad Martinez ◽  
Helen Heslop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Naïve T Cell ◽  
Naive T Cell

Initial characterization of anosmin-1, a putative extracellular matrix protein synthesized by definite neuronal cell populations in the central nervous system

1996 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1749-1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Soussi-Yanicostas ◽  
J.P. Hardelin ◽  
M.M. Arroyo-Jimenez ◽  
O. Ardouin ◽  
R. Legouis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Protein ◽  
Cell Populations

The KAL gene is responsible for the X-chromosome linked form of Kallmann's syndrome in humans. Upon transfection of CHO cells with a human KAL cDNA, the corresponding encoded protein, KALc, was produced. This protein is N-glycosylated, secreted in the cell culture medium, and is localized at the cell surface. Several lines of evidence indicate that heparan-sulfate chains of proteoglycan(s) are involved in the binding of KALc to the cell membrane. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to the purified KALc were generated. They allowed us to detect and characterize the protein encoded by the KAL gene in the chicken central nervous system at late stages of embryonic development. This protein is synthesized by definite neuronal cell populations including Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, mitral cells in the olfactory bulbs and several subpopulations in the optic tectum and the striatum. The protein, with an approximate molecular mass of 100 kDa, was named anosmin-1 in reference to the deficiency of the sense of smell which characterizes the human disease. Anosmin-1 is likely to be an extracellular matrix component. Since heparin treatment of cell membrane fractions from cerebellum and tectum resulted in the release of the protein, we suggest that one or several heparan-sulfate proteoglycans are involved in the binding of anosmin-1 to the membranes in vivo.

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