Factors Affecting Vertebral Variation in Mice

Development ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-659
Author(s):  
Anne McLaren ◽  
Donald Michie
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Sex Linkage ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Equal Strength ◽  
Sex Equality ◽  
Hereditary Factors

The historic controversy between ‘spermists’ and ‘ovist’' ended towards the close of the eighteenth century in a partial victory for both sides: sperm and egg were shown to be alike necessary for the genesis of a new individual. But the question of the relative biological contribution of the male and female parent remained open. A century later the biometrical school of Karl Pearson showed that in human stature, and a number of related characters, the respective influences of the mother and the father upon the offspring were of equal strength. The rediscovery at this time of Mendel's work seemed to offer the final and decisive proof of sex equality in heredity, for according to Mendel's system the number of hereditary factors supplied by each parent was of necessity equal. Somewhat paradoxically, Morgan's discovery in 1911 of the chromosomes as the bearers of the Mendelian factors was based on the first known exception to the rule of equality, namely, on sex linkage.

scholarly journals GENETIC LINKAGE IN THE HORSE. II. DISTRIBUTION OF MALE RECOMBINATION ESTIMATES AND THE INFLUENCE OF AGE, BREED AND SEX ON RECOMBINATION FREQUENCY

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Leif Andersson ◽  
Kaj Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Linkage ◽  
Recombination Frequency ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Male Recombination ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Individual Male ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Age And Sex

ABSTRACT n the present study an extensive amount of data, comprising more than 30,000 offspring in total, was analyzed to evaluate the influence of age and sex on the recombination frequency in the K-PGD segment of the equine linkage group (LG) I and the influence of age, breed and sex on recombination in the Al-Es segment of LG II. A highly significant sex difference is reported for both segments. Male and female recombination values in the K-PGD segment were estimated at 25.8 ± 0.8 and 33.3 ± 2.5%, respectively. Similarly, recombination was less frequent in the male (36.6 ± 0.7%) than in the female (46.6 ± 1.2%) in the Al-Es segment. Comparison of data from two Swedish horse breeds revealed no significant breed differences in either sex for recombination in the Al-Es segment. No evidence of an age effect was found in any segment or sex. The distribution of individual male recombination estimates was also investigated, and a significant heterogeneity among stallions was revealed in the K-PGD segment. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies on factors affecting recombination in mammals.

Ischemic Heart Disease in Death Discordant Twins - A Study on 205 Male and Female Pairs with Special Reference to Hereditary Factors

1976 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf de Faire
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Genetic Influence ◽  
Ischemic Heart ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ischemic Heart Diseases ◽  
Twin Registry ◽  
Hereditary Factors ◽  
Discordant Twins ◽  
Swedish Twin Registry

From January 1971 to March 1973 all twin pairs in the Swedish Twin Registry below the age of 70, who became death-discordant, were continuously recorded. A total of 205 (78%) of the surviving cotwins were examined with respect to different manifestations of ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and several “environmental” and “biometric” risk factors. Among the death-discordant pairs, the cause of death was IHD in 57 pairs and other than IHD in 148 pairs. Analyses revealed that the prevalence rate of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, pathologic Q-wave, and ST depressions in connection with exercise, were significantly higher among the surviving cotwins whose partners had died from IHD than those whose partners had died from other causes. The same trends were seen for most of the risk factors measured both singly and in combination, although not very pronounced. The results indicate a substantial genetic influence in the development of IHD. The genetic influence is possibly transmitted not only through some of the risk factors measured, but also through other factors, still unknown.

Sex of Subject, Sex of Opponent, and Opponent Ability as Factors Affecting Self-confidence in a competitive situation

1981 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles B. Corbin
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessments ◽  
Performance Expectations ◽  
Competitive Situation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Confidence Levels ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Mixed Factorial Design ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sex Orientation

Male and female subjects (N = 80), ranging in age from 17 to 25 years, participated in a study designed to determine if the sex of the sex of the subject, the sex of the subject's opponent, or the perceived ability of the subject's opponent, (good vs. poor ability) affected subjects' self confidence after competing at a task (TV Pong Game) of “neutral” sex orientation. a 2 x 2 x 2 mixed factorial design, with 10 subjects assigned to each cell, was used. All subjects competed in five games against a confederate and in all cases subjects lost all but the second of the five games. Data were treated using an ANCOVA, with preperformance confidence being used as the covariate. Ragardless of sex of the opponent, females expressed postperformance confidence levels equal to males after performing against an opponent thought to be poor in ability, but they were significantly less cofident after performing against opponents perceived to be good in ability. These findings are consistent with those of Argote, Fisher, McDonald, and O'Neal (1976), who note that the performance expectations of females tend to be unstable and change with single encounters, whereas males are less likely to allow one failure to affect performance assessments.

scholarly journals ACADEMIC CHEATING BEHAVIOR REVIEWED FROM NEUTRALIZATION OF CHEATING BEHAVIOR AND GENDER OF THE ACCOUNTING STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITIES IN BATAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-289
Author(s):  
Mia Yasmin Belinda ◽  
Hajan Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Ethics Education ◽  
T Test ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Academic Cheating ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cheating Behavior ◽  
Independent Test ◽  
And Gender

This study aimed to determine the neutralization relationship with the academic cheating behavior and differences in students perceptions of male and female on neutralization who is do cheating behaviors in academic studies. The sampling method used purposive sampling techniques. The subjects were as 378 who is take the accounting courses with accredited B (Good) in several universities in Batam. The questionnaires were distributed to each universities about 125 questionnaires. Hypothesis testing used a Pearson product moment correlation analysis and t-test Independent test. The results of this study found that, there is a strong positive correlation between neutralization with the academic cheating behavior with a correlation coefficient r = 0,829 with probability p = 0.000 (P <0.05). The results of the study for the t-test Independent test showed that there are differences in perception between male students and female with an average of male students is higher by 63.79% and the female with a percentage of 35.03%. Moreover, the conclusion for further study, it can carry out educational purpose suppress the neutralization process, ethics education should consider the perspective of male and female, and study the factors affecting the dynamics of neutralization and neutralization of both male and female.    

Reproductive success in a reintroduced population of a critically endangered shrub, Symonanthus bancroftii (Solanaceae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qigang Ye ◽  
Eric Bunn ◽  
Siegfried L. Krauss ◽  
Kingsley W. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Clonal Plants ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sterile Culture

Symonanthus bancroftii is a critically endangered dioecious shrub, with only one male and one female plant known in the wild. Micropropagated, clonal plants of the male and female parents were hand-pollinated. Seed was germinated in sterile culture and a subsequent daughter (F1) seedling was multiplied in vitro. Micropropagated plants of the original parents and daughter were reintroduced to a natural habitat site. We detail the first study of pollination biology and reproductive success in this extremely rare species. Floral morphology, flowering phenology, pollen viability, female receptivity and fruit set of reintroduced plants of S. bancroftii were investigated. Flower viability of S. bancroftii shows a 25-day maximum for male flowers, whereas non-pollinated female flowers remain viable for a maximum of 38 days (female parent) and 41 days (daughter), respectively. Flowering of reintroduced male and female plants overlaps from mid-June to early November. Pollen remained viable for at least 8 days after anther dehiscence. Maximum stigma longevity recorded was 28 days (female parent) and 39 days (daughter) and maximum ovule longevity varied from 13 days (female parent) to 28 days (daughter). The mean percentage of flowers setting fruit was 39 ± 13% for female parent plants and 48 ± 4% for daughter plants. Empirical reproductive success measures for male–daughter crosses generally exceeded those of the original parent crosses. The reproductive success of S. bancroftii so soon after reintroduction of plants is a positive sign indicating that rapid accumulation of a soil seedbank is feasible and is thus an important first step towards successful establishment of self-sustaining populations of this critically endangered species.

Women’s Poetry in the Magazines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Batt
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Women Poets ◽  
Women's Poetry ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Poetic Expression ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Poetic Community ◽  
Female Poets ◽  
Poetic Culture ◽  
Shed Light

Nearly every monthly magazine published in the eighteenth century had a poetry section, a regular slot given over in each issue to poetic expression of all kinds, written by a broad range of writers, both male and female, provincial and metropolitan, amateur and established. This chapter assesses the place that women poets, both familiar and unfamiliar, occupied in the rich poetic culture that made magazines possible. Jennifer Batt’s case studies are drawn from national periodicals such as the Gentleman’s Magazine (1731–1922), London Magazine (1732–85) and British Magazine (1746–51), as well as from regional magazines. Collectively, these examples shed light on the possibilities that periodicals made available to female poets (of giving them a voice, a readership, a public profile and place within a poetic community). At the same, Batt demonstrates that women could be exploited by the medium and its editorial practices (publishing without author consent, for instance, or intrusive framing of poems) in ways that have overdetermined women poets’ critical reception.

The Gender of Subscribers to Eighteenth-Century Music Publications

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 94-152
Author(s):  
Simon D. I. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Musical Interests ◽  
Insight Into

One of the most important and valuable resources available to researchers of eighteenth-century social history are the lists of subscribers that were attached to a wide variety of publications. Yet, the study of this type of resource remains one of the areas most neglected by academics. These lists shed considerable light on the nature of those who subscribed to music, including their social status, place of employment, residence, and musical interests. They naturally also provide details as to the gender of individual subscribers.As expected, subscribers to most musical publications were male, but the situation changed considerably as the century progressed, with more females subscribing to the latest works by the early nineteenth century. There was also a marked difference in the proportion of male and female subscribers between works issued in the capital cities of London and Edinburgh and those written for different genres. Female subscribers also appear on lists to works that they would not ordinarily be permitted to play. Ultimately, a broad analysis of a large number of subscription lists not only provides a greater insight into the social and economic changes that took place in Britain over the course of the eighteenth century, but also reveals the types of music that were favoured by the members of each gender.

Temporal patterns of gamete production within individuals of Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen J. Young ◽  
Maureen L. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Raphanus Sativus ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Pollen Size ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ovule Number ◽  
Pollen Number ◽  
Gamete Production ◽  
Phenotypic Gender

Previous studies on the deployment of energy to male and female gametes in plants have concentrated on differences among individuals or among related species. We documented temporal patterns of sex allocation within individual wild radish plants grown under controlled conditions. Lifetime investments in pollen and ovules were determined for four unrelated individuals of Raphanus sativus L. (Brassicaceae). Each individual produced 600–1100 flowers over the approximately 5-week flowering period. Mature floral buds were collected daily and ovule number, pollen grain number, pollen size, and pollen to ovule ratio (P:O) were determined for each. Variation in these traits was partitioned into variation among plants and among dates (representing flowering sequence). There was significant variation among plants for all characters, but because plants responded differently to date for three of the characters, further analyses were performed on a plant-by-plant basis. All plants showed significant reductions in pollen number and P:O through time, three plants showed a significant reduction in pollen size with time, and two plants showed a significant reduction in ovule number with time. The observed variation in phenotypic gender among these plants was not environmentally mediated because all plants were grown together in a controlled environment and therefore the differences in allocation to gametes were due to genetic or developmental differences. A result of intraspecific variation in gamete production is that the success of each individual as a male and female parent is likely to vary both within the population and within the flowering season. Key words: pollen to ovule ratio, Raphanus, pollen number, temporal changes, phenotypic gender, Brassicaceae, radish.

Is Motion Sickness Hereditary?

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (13) ◽  
pp. 796-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Yanus ◽  
Frederick V. Malmstrom
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Motion Sickness ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Medical Unit ◽  
Significant Contributor ◽  
Air Force Reserve ◽  
Hereditary Factors

Motion Sickness surveys were administered to 77 male graduate students and 95 male and female members of an Air Force Reserve medical unit. Results of Survey 1 indicated significant and sizeable correlations between sons and their natural fathers for severity of motion sickness symptoms of fatigue, headache, and nausea. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that the father's nausea accounted for 59.4% of the total variance of their son's nausea during travel. Results of Survey 2 indicated sizeable and significant correlations between respondents and both natural parents for percentage of reported symptoms of fatigue and headache. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that both parents' reported percentage of fatigue (26.6%) and headache (33.6%) reliably predicted the respondents' percentage of fatigue and headache symptoms but not the nausea symptoms. In addition, there were no significant correlations between self-reported symptoms of fatigue, headache, and nausea. Findings suggest (1) hereditary factors may be a significant contributor to motion sickness, both in severity and frequency of symptoms, and (2) fatigue, headache, and nausea are largely independent of each other. Indications are that motion sickness be considered a syndrome rather than a unitary disorder.

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