Compositional and structural heterogenicity of the cardiac jelly of the chick embryo tubular heart: a TEM, SEM and histochemical study

Development ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-223
Author(s):  
J. M. Hurle ◽  
J. M. Icardo ◽  
J. L. Ojeda
Keyword(s):  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Heart Tube ◽  
Fibrillar Material ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Dorsal Mesocardium ◽  
Myocardial Layer

The hearts of chick embryos of stages 9–13 were subjected to SEM, TEM and histochemical studies to ascertain possible regional differences in the structure and composition of the cardiac jelly. Two distinct regions, the cardiac jelly filling the space located between the myocardium and the endocardium (MECJ) and the cardiac jelly filling the dorsal mesocardium (EECJ), were distinguished by their structural and histochemical properties. MECJ is formed by amorphous and fibrillar material arranged between the endocardial and myocardial layer. The amount of its components increases when cetylpyridinium chlorideis introduced into the fixative, and it appears intensely stained by ruthenium red and alcian blue at low concentrations of MgCl2. The amount and arrangement of its componentsincrease during the beginning of the looping process of the heart tube. The EECJ is very rich in ruthenium-red-positive basal-lamina-like material and the addition of cetylpyridinium chloride to the fixative does not modify its appearance. It also appears poorly stained by alcian blue at low concentrations of MgCl2 and its arrangement undergoes modifications closely associated with the events of endocardial fusion. The possible significance of these results in the early morphogenesis of the heart is discussed.

Histochemical observations on the tegumentary epithelium and interproglottidal glands of Moniezia expansa (Rud., 1805) (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea)

Parasitology ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Howells ◽  
D. A. Erasmus
Keyword(s):  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Alcian Blue Staining ◽  
Light Microscope Level ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Moniezia Expansa

Regional differences in the tegumentary tissue of Moniezia expansa, as revealed at the light-microscope level by histological and histochemical techniques, are described and evidence for secretory activity by the interproglottidal glands is presented.In very immature proglottides the interproglottidal glands are at the ‘precryptic’ stage. Gland cells may be differentiated from other tegumentary cells by their high RNA content and in certain gland cells the presence of an alcian blue staining material.In mature proglottides the glands consist of rosette-like clusters of cells around crypt-like intuckings of the tegument. Two types of cells are found in the gland, small alcian blue-staining cells which are most numerous in the neck region of the crypt, and larger cells, the predominant gland cells, which do not stain with alcian blue but possess non-specific esterase activity. No other tegumentary cells in Moniezia exhibit this activity. Esterase and phosphatase activity is found in the tegument and crypt of the glands and in the interproglottidal folds.The non-enzyme histochemistry confirms and extends the observations of previous workers.Cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase were detected in the tegumentary cells and tegument. Very strong reactions were given in the neck and scolex, with a progressive diminution of activity posteriorly along the strobila. Very low activities were recorded in the tegument of the glands.

Cell surface saccharides of Trypanosoma lewisi. I. Polycation-induced cell agglutination and fine-structure cytochemistry

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-644
Author(s):  
D.M. Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Chondroitin Sulphate ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Surface Coat ◽  
Cell Agglutination ◽  
Trypanosoma Lewisi ◽  
Cationic Compounds

Trypanosoma lewisi bloodstream and culture forms were agglutinated differentially with low concentrations of the cationic compounds: ruthenium red, ruthenium violet, Alcian blue chloride, 1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride, lanthanum chloride, and cationized ferritin. The bloodstream form trypanosomes gave the highest agglutination levels with each of the compounds tested. Ruthenium red was the most effective inducer of cell agglutination among the several cations used. Trypsin-treated bloodstream forms were agglutinated less in the presence of ruthenium red than untreated controls. Ruthenium red-induced cell agglutination also was lowered with chondroitin sulphate and dextran sulphate, but not with alpha-D-glucose, alpha-D-mannose or with several methyl glycosides. Treatment of the bloodstream trypanosomes with alpha-amylase, dextranase, or neuraminidase had little effect on agglutination levels obtained with ruthenium red. Fine-structure cytochemical staining with ruthenium red, ruthenium violet, and Alcian blue-lanthanum nitrate was used to ascertain the presence and distribution of presumptive carbohydrates in the trypanosome cell surface. The extracellular surface coat of the bloodstream forms stained densely with each of the polycationic dyes. Trypsin treatment removed the surface coat from bloodstream trypanosomes; however, the surface membranes of the organisms were stained densely with the several dyes. Similar surface-membrane staining was obtained with the cationic compounds and the culture forms, which lack a cell surface coat. Cationized ferrin was used at the fine-structure level to visualize the negative surface charge present in the cell surface coat and external membrane of the several trypanosome stages. Results obrained from the agglutination and cytochemistry experiments indicate that complex polysaccharides are present in the surface membranes and cell surface coat of T. lewisi bloodstream forms. Similar conclusions also pertain to the surface membranes of the T. lewisi culture from trypanosomes. The carbohydrates probably represent glycopeptide and glycoprotein structural components of the surface membrane of this organism.

Adhesion of hydroxyapatite crystals to anionic sites on the surface of renal epithelial cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (2) ◽  
pp. F224-F233 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Lieske ◽  
R. Norris ◽  
F. G. Toback
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Renal Tubular Cells

Adhesion of microcrystals that nucleate in tubular fluid to the apical surface of renal tubular cells could be a critical step in the formation of kidney stones, 20% of which contain hydroxyapatite (HA). HA crystals bound rapidly to monolayer cultures of monkey kidney epithelial cells (BSC-1 line), used to model the surface of the nephron, in a concentration-dependent manner. Adhesion was blocked by diverse polyanions including heparin, pentosan polysulfate, polyaspartate, and polyglutamate, as well as many found in tubular fluid such as chondroitin sulfates A and B, heparan sulfate, citrate, nephrocalcin, and osteopontin. The polycations cetylpyridinium chloride and cationized ferritin, as well as the cationic dyes alcian blue, polyethylenimine, and brilliant blue R, also inhibited adhesion of HA crystals, as did specific lectins including Triticum vulgaris (wheat germ agglutinin). Anions that inhibited adhesion of crystals appeared to act on the crystal surface, whereas cations and lectins exerted their effect on the cell. Treatment of cells with neuraminidase inhibited binding of crystals, suggesting that anionic cell surface sialic acid residues function as HA crystal receptor sites that can be blocked by specific cations or lectins. Adherence of HA crystals to cells of another renal line (MDCK) and, to 3T3 fibroblasts was also inhibited by heparin, polyaspartate, alcian blue, and T vulgaris lectin, suggesting that these crystals bind to analogous molecules on the surface of different types of cells. These results suggests that the structure, quantity, and/or function of soluble anions in tubular fluid, as well as those anchored to the cell surface, could be critical determinants of HA crystal retention in the nephron and the subsequent formation of a renal stone.

Cell Surface Glycoconjugates of Euglena gracilis (Euglenozoa): Modifications under Potassium and Magnesium Deficiency

1997 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Angelika Preisfeld ◽  
Gabriele Scholten-Beck ◽  
Hans Georg Ruppel
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Euglena Gracilis ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Complete Medium ◽  
Cell Surface Changes ◽  
Cell Surface Glycoconjugates ◽  
Surface Changes

Abstract Biochemical and ultrastructural examinations on the pellicle of autotrophically grown Eu­glena gracilis were carried out after three days under potassium and magnesium deficiency. Cell-surface changes were detected by lectin assay. Compared to cells grown in complete medium, deficient cells become larger in shape, accompanied by rising carbohydrate, chloro­phyll and protein content, bind more and other lectin molecules: an increase of mainly galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine receptors was observed. Investigations with the mucilage stains alcian blue and ruthenium red indicated that mucilaginous material is released under deficient conditions, whereas the control cells show a strong precipitate of these stains well inside the cells beneath the pellicle.

scholarly journals Solution properties of polygalacturonic acid

1969 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 863-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
R W Stoddart ◽  
I. P. C. Spires ◽  
K F Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Ph Dependence ◽  
Sedimentation Coefficient ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Optical Rotatory Dispersion ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Polygalacturonic Acid ◽  
Specific Viscosity ◽  
Ph Titration ◽  
Titration Curves ◽  
Low Concentrations

1. The specimen of polygalacturonic acid used in these studies was shown to contain very little neutral sugar, methyl ester groups or ash, and only residues of galacturonic acid. Its electrophoretic homogeneity was examined in pyridine–acetic acid buffer at pH6·5 and in borate buffer at pH9·2. The distribution of effective particle weights was shown to be fairly narrow. 2. The pH-titration curve of the polymer gave a pK value of 3·7. 3. The interaction of the polymer with Ruthenium Red was studied and titration curves were obtained for the spectral shifts associated with the formation of a complex. 4. Optical-rotatory-dispersion studies showed that the Drude constant, λc, was dependent on pH. 5. Polygalacturonic acid was shown to display non-Newtonian properties in solution and to have an anomalously high relative specific viscosity at low concentrations. 6. Studies were made of the pH-dependence of the sedimentation coefficient of the polymer. 7. These results are discussed in terms of the structure of the molecule and their relevance to the properties of pectic substances.

Vascular responses to compound 48/80 in rat mesenteric vascular beds

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 620-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honghua Jin ◽  
Zhen Li ◽  
Shingo Takatori ◽  
Toshihiro Koyama ◽  
Xin Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Vascular Effect ◽  
Vascular Responses ◽  
Endogenous Histamine ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Vascular Beds ◽  
High Concentrations

A further investigation was performed on the vascular effect of endogenous histamine using the histamine releaser, compound 48/80, in rat mesenteric vascular beds with active tone. In preparations with intact endothelium, low concentrations of compound 48/80 (1.53 × 10−5 – 3 × 1.53 × 10−5 mg/mL) perfusion for 1 min only induced a small vasodilation. High concentrations of compound 48/80 (1.53 × 10−4 – 3 × 1.53 × 10−2 mg/mL) induced a biphasic vascular responses, an initial vasoconstriction followed a subsequent long-lasting vasodilation. The vasodilation induced by low concentrations of compound 48/80 and the vasoconstriction induced by high concentration of compound 48/80 was inhibited by olopatadine. However, cimetidine did not affect the responses induced by compound 48/80. Endothelium removal enlarged the compound 48/80-induced phase-2 vasoconstriction, while it attenuated the phase-3 vasodilation. Additionally, indomethacin and seratrodast significantly inhibited vasoconstriction but it did not affect the long-lasting vasodilation induced by high concentrations of compound 48/80. Ruthenium red inhibited the vasodilation induced by low concentrations and high concentrations of compound 48/80. These results suggest that the vasoconstriction induce by high concentrations of compound 48/80 is mediated by endogenous histamine released from mast cells. It is also suggested that thromboxane A2 released from mast cells is related to the vasoconstriction.

scholarly journals Abnormal mast cell granules in the beige (Chédiak-Higashi syndrome) mouse.

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Y Chi ◽  
D Lagunoff
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Chediak Higashi Syndrome

Mast cells of beige (C57BL/6J) (bg-j/bg-j) mice were examined histochemically and ultrastructurally. Mast cell granules in the beige mice were markedly enlarged and irregular in shape. Granule contents stained uniformly with acidified toluidine blue, but with ruthenium red and Alcian Blue-safranin, two components were evident. The rims of the abnormal granules stained with ruthenium red and with Alcian Blue; the centers of the granules were clear with ruthenium red and stained with safranin. Mast cell granules thus represent another abnormal organelle in the Chédiak-Higashi syndrome.

Visualization, adhesiveness, and cytochemistry of the extracellular matrix produced by urediniospore germ tubes of Puccinia sorghi

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2044-2054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Chaubal ◽  
V. A. Wilmot ◽  
Willard K. Wynn
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Puccinia Sorghi ◽  
Temperature Scanning ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Adherence of germinating urediniospores of the common maize rust fungus (Puccinia sorghi Schw.) to substrata was studied by ultrastructural and cytochemical examination of extracellular matrix produced by germ tubes in conjunction with measurements of adhesion to plastic and glass surfaces. Copious amounts of extracellular matrix on germ tubes could consistently be visualized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy only when (i) a cationic detergent (cetylpyridinium chloride, polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride) or a cationic stain (ruthenium red, alcian blue, cuprolinic blue) was added to the fixation solutions, (ii) germ tubes were fixed by rapid-freezing and freeze-substitution and observed with a scanning electron microscope, or when (iii) germ tubes were observed in a frozen-hydrated state by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy. Incubation of germinated spores with dilute alkalies (NaOH, KOH), pronase E (nonspecific protease), and laminarinase (β-1,3 (1,3; 1,4-glucanase) removed the extracellular matrix and detached germ tubes from surfaces. Treatments with water, dilute acids, ionic and neutral detergents, organic solvents, hydrocarbons, and several polysaccharide-degrading enzymes did not remove the extracellular matrix and also did not detach germ tubes. These results, together with staining patterns obtained with lectins and other polysaccharide-specific reagents, indicate that the extracellular matrix is composed mainly of glycoproteins rich in acidic amino acids and β-1,3-glucan polymers, and that it is probably responsible for the adhesion of the rust germ tubes to the host leaf surfaces. Key words: Puccinia sorghi, germ tube adhesion, extracellular matrix, cytochemistry.

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