The mechanism of axial rotation in the rat embryo: an experimental study in vitro

Development ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-201
Author(s):  
E. M. Deuchar
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Watch Glass ◽  
Rat Embryo ◽  
Amniotic Cavity ◽  
Rat Embryos ◽  
Marked Inhibition ◽  
Cervical Level

Axial rotation has been studied in 9- to 11-day rat embryos grown in culture by New's watch-glass technique. Unlike the mouse, the rat embryo rotates towards its right side and rotation starts with the head end only. The twist then passes caudaiwards until the whole axis has reversed its dorsoventral orientation and curvature. Contractions in cervical and cardiac regions appear to initiate the rotation. Posterior parts of 9- and 10-day embryos, isolated by transections at mid-trunk or cervical levels, show much less ability to rotate than unoperated controls: the frequencies of fully turned, partially turned and unturned embryos have been compared between control and experimental groups and show significant differences. There is more marked inhibition of rotation when the operation is performed at 9 days than at 10 days, and more with cervical than with mid-trunk transections. In all, 67 % of embryos transected at the mid-trunk level and 98 % transected at the cervical level were unable to rotate the posterior parts. Extrusion of embryos from the amniotic cavity also resulted in abnormal or incomplete axial rotation. The role of the membranes in facilitating rotation is discussed briefly.

Effect of yolk-sac antibody on rat embryos grown in culture

Development ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-553
Author(s):  
D. A. T. New ◽  
R. L. Brent
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Amniotic Cavity ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Rat Embryos ◽  
Visceral Yolk Sac ◽  
Primary Action

Rat embryos, explanted with their embryonic membranes during the early stages of organogenesis ( days gestation), were grown in culture in roller tubes. Yolk-sac antibody (sheep anti rat yolk-sac gamma globulin), known to be teratogenic when injected into pregnant rats, was added to the culture medium. At concentrations of 0·1 mg/ml or more the antibody caused gross retardation of growth and differentiation. Injection of antibody into the amniotic cavity so that it had direct contact with the embryo, or between the amnion and yolk sac so that it was in contact with the mesodermal surface of the yolk sac, had little or no effect on development of the embryo or its membranes. These in vitro experiments indicate that yolk-sac antibody has an effect on development independent of any immunological reaction of the mother, and the primary action is probably on the visceral yolk-sac endoderm.

scholarly journals Trypan blue induced teratogenesis of rat embryos cultivated in vitro

Development ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-395
Author(s):  
M. M. Turbow
Keyword(s):  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Rat Embryo ◽  
Rat Embryos ◽  
Teratogenic Action ◽  
Made In

Trypan blue is known to produce embryonic abnormalities in a wide variety of animals, including rats (Gillman, Gilbert, Gillman & Spence, 1948), mice (Waddington & Carter, 1953; Hamburgh, 1954), amphibians (Waddington & Perry, 1956), chickens (Beaudoin & Wilson, 1958;Stéphan & Sutter, 1961), rabbits (Ferm, 1956), and hamsters (Ferm, 1958). Studies on the teratogenic action of this dye have also been made in culture (Mulherkar, 1960). Since the first observation of the teratogenic action of trypan blue in rat embryos (Gillman et al. 1948), two questions that have remained unanswered are (1) whether the dye acts directly on the embryo or via the maternal system, and (2) what determines the period during which the rat embryo is most sensitive to the dye.

An in vitro study of functions of embryonic membranes in the rat

Development ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-542
Author(s):  
G. S. Payne ◽  
E. M. Deuchar
Keyword(s):  
Total Protein ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Amniotic Cavity ◽  
Outer Membranes ◽  
Leucine Uptake ◽  
Visceral Yolk Sac ◽  
Extraembryonic Membranes

Ten-day rat embryos have been cultivated in vitro, with different layers of the extraembryonic membranes removed. The effects of presence or absence of each membrane on the morphology of the embryos, their histodifferentiation and their uptake of leucine into protein have been followed. Explants with all membranes left intact failed to expand fully and to undergo axial rotation of the embryo, but nevertheless showed highest total protein and highest leucine uptake in biochemical estimations and in autoradiographs. Explants with outer membranes removed and the visceral yolk sac left intact showed the most normal morphology and expansion of the extraembryonic cavities when compared with embryos removed from the uterus at 11·5 days” gestation, but they showed less protein and less leucine uptake than the first series. Explants in which the visceral yolk sac was removed underwent little growth or development and had low total protein values and radioactivity counts. The amnion collapsed and the amniotic cavity disappeared. When the amnion was removed there was a greater incidence of death, as well as little or no development, and lower radioactivity counts than in the first two series. It is concluded that the outer membranes and the visceral yolk sac play an important role in the transfer of small metabolites to the embryo, as well as in regulating the volume of the extraembryonic fluids.

Reconstitutive ability of axial tissue in early rat embryos after operations and culture in vitro

Development ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-226
Author(s):  
E. M. Deuchar
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Rat Embryos ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Avian Embryos ◽  
Neural Tubes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Neurula Stage ◽  
Made In

Longitudinal incisions have been made in the axis of 10-day-old rat embryos (post-neurula stage with 5–10 pairs of somites) at mid-trunk levels, dividing the axis into right and left halves. The embryos have then been cultured in vitro by New's method and their ability to reconstitute tissues in each half has been studied. After 20 h culture at 37 °C, there was no longer any external sign of the division of the axis. Histological studies showed that in nearly all cases, however, the neural tube was duplicated in the operated region. The two neural tubes lay in close contact in the midline, and ventral to them the gut was single. Apart from four cases in which the gut roof was slightly broadened and forked, all other tissues were normal. The reconstitutive ability of the neural and gut tissue has been compared with that of amphibian and avian embryos, as observed in ‘twinning’ experiments by other workers. The apparent delay in axial rotation in the operated rat embryos, as compared with controls, is attributed to the inability of the two separated halves of the somite series to co-ordinate their contractions. Further details of the rotation process in operated embryos will be the subject of a future study.

Role of acrolein in cyclophosphamide teratogenicity in rat embryos in vitro

1984 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip E. Mirkes ◽  
J.C. Greenaway ◽  
John G. Rogers ◽  
Robert B. Brundrett
Keyword(s):  
Rat Embryos

scholarly journals Does the Apoptosis Value of Cumulus Cells Play a Role in Rescue Oocyte in Vitro Maturation?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Tulay Irez ◽  
Sinem Ercan Dogan ◽  
Enver Ciraci ◽  
Saadet Busra Aksoyer ◽  
Muhammet Sait Toprak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
In Vitro Maturation ◽  
Germinal Vesicle ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Immature Oocytes ◽  
Maturation Rate

<p><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of the cumulus cell’s apoptosis parameter in the maturation of immature rescue oocytes. </p><p><strong>STUDY DESIGN:</strong> In this experimental study, donated immature germinal vesicle oocytes were cultured for, in vitro maturation, embryo development in matured germinal vesicle oocytes were compared with apoptotic properties of cumulus cells. </p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> In all of the immature oocytes after oocyte in vitro maturation, the maturation rate has been observed as 56.1% and 2PN rate as 63.0%. Afterin vitro maturation of germinal vesicle oocytes, there was no difference in apoptosis rates of the cumulus cells between mature and immature oocytes (p&gt; 0.05). The ratio of 2PN in matured germinal vesicle oocytes showing embryo development was 35.4%. A positive correlation was found between luteinizing hormone values on day 3 and E2 values during HCG days during oocyte maturation and embryo development (p=0.021, p=0.020). In addition, it has been observed that the germinal vesicle oocytes, which have completed their maturation and developed into embryos, have high E2 values during HCG days (p=0.020).</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> In our study, it has been demonstrated that in vitro maturation in rescue oocytes from stimulated cycles, embryo development potential could not be explained by the apoptosis parameter.</p>

Role of apoptosis in mediating phosphoramide mustard-induced rat embryo malformations in vitro

Teratology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beiyun Chen ◽  
Daniel G. Cyr ◽  
Barbara F. Hales
Keyword(s):  
Rat Embryo ◽  
Phosphoramide Mustard

Rat embryo development in vitro

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Roy ◽  
Jayasree Sengupta ◽  
S. K. Manchanda
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Bovine Serum ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Blastocyst Formation ◽  
Rat Embryo ◽  
Rat Embryos ◽  
Morula Stage ◽  
Development In Vitro

Abstract. We report the first successful culture of 8-cell/morula stage rat embryos in a fully synthetic medium supplemented with 3% crystalline bovine serum albumin. Eighty-four per cent of morulae developed to blastocysts, showing that this is a highly efficient culture medium for in vitro studies on rat pre-implantation embryos. Blastocyst formation was severely inhibited by antioestrogen (nafoxidine 3 μg/ml) but no further reversal was obtained by giving oestrogen to culture medium containing this antagonist.

Axial rotation in rat embryos: Morphological analysis and microsurgical study on the role of the allantois

Teratology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Fujinaga ◽  
Brian B. Hoffman ◽  
Jeffrey M. Baden
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Rat Embryos
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