Chondrogenesis in chick embryo somites in vitro

Development ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-340
Author(s):  
M. L. Ellison ◽  
E. J. Ambrose ◽  
G. C. Easty
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Cartilage Formation

During the embryonic development of vertebral cartilages, cells from the somite mesoderm differentiate into chondrocytes around the spinal cord and notochord. Grafting experiments in amphibian and chick embryos have indicated that the spinal cord and notochord have some influence on this differentiation of somite cells to cartilage (Holtzer & Detwiler, 1953; Watterson, Fowler & Fowler, 1954). Further analysis in vitro has established that, under specified culture conditions, cartilage formation from somites is, in fact, dependent on the presence of either spinal cord and/or notochord or their extracts (Grobstein & Parker, 1954; Grobstein & Holtzer, 1955; Strudel, 1962, 1963; Lash, 1963). For example, Lash (1963) showed that in his system on a liquid medium stage 16 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951, stages) somites alone formed no cartilage, but that cartilage did develop when notochord or spinal cord was cultured with the somites. This suggested that the spinal cord and notochord were ‘inducing’ somite mesoderm cells to form chondrocytes.

scholarly journals STUDIES OF THE DEGENERATION AND REGENERATION OF AXIS CYLINDERS IN VITRO

1913 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnvald Ingebrigtsen
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
Chick Embryos

1. The brains of chick embryos, of cats six weeks old, of rabbits two months old, and of dogs three weeks old, when cultivated in vitro, develop long filaments which, according to their growth and their anatomical and tinctorial characters, must be considered as true axis cylinders. 2. Similar structures develop from spinal ganglia of rabbits seven months old, and from the spinal cord of cats six weeks old, and of rabbits two months old. 3. When severed from their origin by section these threads undergo degenerative changes which do not appear after nine hours, but which are seen after twenty hours, and continue until in the course of the following two days the thread degenerates completely. 4. After twenty hours the development of new axis cylinders from the central part of the cut fibers is observed.

scholarly journals Effect of cortisol acetate on collagen biosynthesis and on the activities of prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl hydroxylase, collagen galactosyltransferase and collagen glucosyltransferase in chick-embryo tendon cells

1977 ◽  
Vol 164 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Oikarinen
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Enzyme Synthesis ◽  
Prolyl Hydroxylase ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Lysyl Hydroxylase ◽  
Tendon Cells

Collagen synthesis and the activities of prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl hydroxylase, collagen galactosyltransferase and collagen glucosyltransferase were studied in isolated chick-embryo tendon cells after the administration of cortisol acetate to the chick embryos. When the steroid was injected 1 day before isolation of the tendon cells, collagen synthesis was decreased, even though the enzyme activities were not changed. When cortisol acetate was given as repeated injections over a period of 4 days, both collagen synthesis and the enzyme activities decreased. The hydroxylase activities decreased even more than the two collagen glycosyltransferase activities, both in isolated cells and in whole chick embryos. The amount of prolyl hydroxylase protein diminished to the same extent as the enzyme activity, indicating that cortisol acetate inhibits enzyme synthesis. The inhibitory effect of cortisol acetate on collagen synthesis and on the enzyme activities was partially reversible in 3 days. Total protein synthesis was completely restored within this time. Only massive doses of cortisol acetate inhibited collagen synthesis in vitro. Additional experiments indicated that cortisol acetate did not decrease the rate of the enzyme reactions when added directly to the enzyme incubation mixtures. The results suggest that cortisol acetate decreases collagen synthesis both by its direct effect on collagen polypeptide-chain synthesis and by decreasing the activities of enzymes involved in post-translational modifications.

Permissive and directive interactions in lens induction

Development ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-179
Author(s):  
Marketta Karkinen-Jääskeläinen
Keyword(s):  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Optic Vesicle ◽  
Lens Proteins ◽  
Lens Formation

The interactive events leading to lens formation and the developmental potentialities of the presumptive lens ectoderm were examined in vitro. The presumptivelens ectoderm of both mouse and chick embryos was capable of forming a lens even when isolated from the optic vesicle before the two tissues reach the stage of close association.This lens-forming bias can be released with favourable culture conditions and by various heterotypic mesenchymes. The same permissive, unspecific conditions or heterotypic tissues failed to trigger lens formation in trunk ectoderm. The directive effect of the optic vesicle was demonstrated in experiments where it was grown in contact with the trunk ectoderm. The latter developed distinct lentoid bodies synthesizing lens proteins. The origin of the lentoid was confirmed in interspecies combination of chick and quail tissues. Itis concluded that lens formation is governed by a series of interactive events consisting of both directive and permissive influences.

Impaired energy metabolism as an initial step in the mechanism for 6-aminonicotinamide-induced limb malformation

Development ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-222
Author(s):  
Yal C. Sheffield ◽  
Robert E. Seegmiller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Impaired Energy Metabolism ◽  
All Treatment

The analogue and antagonist of nicotinamide, 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), impairs cartilage formation and results in shortening of the limbs when administered to chick embryos. Studies have shown that 6-AN forms an abnormal NAD analogue which inhibits the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes associated with production of ATP. To determine if an effect on ATP synthesis might be associated with the mechanism of teratogenesis in the chick embryo, ATP levels of cartilage from day-8 chick embryos treated in vitro were assayed in relation to biosynthesis of protein, DNA and chondroitin sulfate. Incorporation of 35SO4− was inhibited by 6 h of treatment with 10 µg/ml of 6-AN, whereas incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]amino acid was not inhibited until 12 h. Incorporation of [3H]- glucosamine was increased at all treatment times. A decrease in the level of ATP preceded any detectable inhibition of precursor incorporation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that 6-AN inhibits chondroitin sulfate synthesis through a reduction in the level of ATP in chondrocytes.

scholarly journals Influence of culture vessel volume and ventilation on in vitro culture and adenosine accumulation of Anoectochilus setaceus Blume

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-317
Author(s):  
Vũ Quốc Luận ◽  
Nguyễn Bá Nam ◽  
Vũ Thị Hiền ◽  
Nguyễn Phúc Huy ◽  
Hoàng Thanh Tùng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Culture Vessel ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Vessel Volume ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Tlc Analysis

Anoectochilus setaceus is a medicinal plant used as a traditional medicine as well as nutritious products for health care in China and many Asian countries. In conventional propagation, the the vessel type, material and volume lead to differences in the moisture content between the internal and external conditions which result in great impact on the quality of in vitro plantlets as well as subsequent growth at nursery. In this study, several factors affecting the multiplication and regeneration of A. setaceus cultured in vitro were investigated. The highest percentage of shoot regeneration (52.88%) from ex vitro stem nodes was obtained when explants were cultured on SH medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA, 30 g/l sucrose with cotton wool plug as the substrate and pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.8 prior to autoclaving. In the present study, culture vessel volume and ventilation culture conditions indicated to have effect on shoot quality. Results showed that 3-liter Erlenmeyer flasks in combination with ventilation caps resulted in better shoot growth and development (shoot height: 10.75 cm; 9.45 leaves per shoot; fresh- and dry- weight of 2.45 and 0.219 g per shoot, respectively; leaf diameter: 2.85 cm and SPAD: 39.99). Results of chromatography (TLC) analysis indicated that explants gave the same Rf value as that of authentic Adenosine. Qualifying Adenosine using TLC showed that extracts of shoots cultured on solid and liquid medium (ventilation plastic bag), and that of shoots cultured in 3-liter vessel with liquid medium (with and without ventilation) gave the same pattern in the respects of color and Rf value.

scholarly journals THE DEPENDENCE OF HEAD CURVATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEART IN THE CHICK EMBRYO

1937 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. WADDINGTON
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Brain Region ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Blood System ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Aortic Arches ◽  
The Brain

1. The heart was removed from chick embryos of seven to twelve somites, and the embryos cultivated in vitro. The operation abolished the normal twisting of the anterior part of the embryo on to its left side and the general bending of the brain region into an arc. These two processes therefore seem to be dependent on the normal development of the heart. 2. The embryos showed a bending of the forebrain relative to the midbrain, which is therefore independent of the development of the heart. 3. The embryonic blood system, including the aortic arches, developed normally in many cases, but the blood vessels became enormously dilated. 4. The lateral evaginations of the foregut and the visceral arch mesenchyme underwent the first stages of differentiation in atypical positions, seemingly independently of each other or of any other structures.

309 ADDITION OF BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR IN MATURATION MEDIUM IMPROVED IN VITRO MEIOTIC COMPETENCE OF OVINE OOCYTES AND SUBSEQUENT PARTHENOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
A. H. Abazari-kia ◽  
A. Mohammadi-Sangcheshmeh ◽  
M. Salehi ◽  
M. Zhandi
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Oocyte Competence ◽  
Maturation Medium ◽  
And Control

Overall efficiency of in vitro embryo production has remained low despite extensive effort to understand the effects of culture conditions, media composition, and supplementation. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is a physiologically important neurotrophin, has been used to enhance oocyte maturation in some previous studies (Lee et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2010). However, the efficacy of BDNF to improve oocyte competence has not been fully established especially in ovine. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of BDNF during in vitro maturation (IVM) on maturation rate, intracellular glutathione (GSH) content, and embryonic development in sheep oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were obtained from ovaries of ewes. The COC were placed in maturation medium supplemented with either 10 (IVM-B10) or 100 (IVM-B100) ng mL–1 of BDNF (PeproTech, London, UK). Oocytes in control group were incubated in the same maturation medium without BDNF. The IVM was performed in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2 at 38.5°C for 24 h. After IVM, several oocytes from the IVM-B10 (n = 110), IVM-B100 (n = 124), and control (n = 110) groups were stained with Hoechst and were evaluated in relation to their metaphase-II rate. To measure GSH content, several oocytes from the IVM-B10 (n = 28), IVM-B100 (n = 33), and control (n = 37) groups were incubated in tyrodes medium containing 10 µM Cell Tracker blue for 30 min and transferred under fluorescence microscope, with digital images analysed by image J software. To evaluate the embryonic development, several oocytes from IVM-B10 (n = 145), IVM-B100 (n = 137), and control (n = 143) groups were subjected to parthenogenetic activation by applying 1 min of exposure to 2.5 µM ionomycin followed by 2 mM 6-DMAP treatment for 3 h. After stimulation, oocytes were cultured in CR1aa medium for 7 days under the conditions stated previously. Four replications were performed. The metaphase-II rate, cleavage, and blastocyst rates were compared by x2 analysis. The GSH content was analysed by one-way ANOVA. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. The results showed that metaphase-II rate was higher in the IVM-B100 group (88.7%), as compared with the control group (77.3%), but not significant as compared with that in the IVM-B10 group (84.5%). No difference was also found between the IVM-B10 group and control group in terms of the metaphase-II rate. Oocytes in the IVM-B10 group revealed a higher (96.8%) GSH content than both of the IVM-B100 (86.9%) and control (86.3%) groups. There was, however, no difference in the GSH content between the IVM-B100 group and control group. The proportion of cleaved embryos was not different between the groups; however, the blastocyst rate was higher in both the IVM-B10 (37.9%) and IVM-B100 (39.3%) groups compared with the control group (22.4%). Collectively, the results of this study showed that supplementation of IVM media with BDNF promoted nuclear maturation, increased GSH content, and stimulated in vitro embryonic development in ovine.

Muscle fibre types and innervation of the chick embryo limb following cervical spinal cord removal

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-222
Author(s):  
N. G. Laing ◽  
A. H. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Latissimus Dorsi ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Muscle Fibre Types ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Normal Numbers ◽  
Lateral Motor Column ◽  
Fibre Typing

Several segments of spinal cord were removed from the cervical regions of stage-13 or -14 day-2) chick embryos. After further incubation to day 17 or 18, the patterns of end-plate distribution and ATPase typing of muscle fibres in the anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi and the ulnimetacarpalis dorsalis, and the ATPase typing of the forearm muscles were examined. No differences from control embryos were found. The embryos had normal numbers of lateral motor column motoneurons in both the brachial and lumbar enlargements and the positions of motoneurons supplying the biceps as identified with retrograde horseradish peroxidase labelling were consistent with the normal patterns of motor projection into the limb. These results show that the fibre typing of limb muscles and their patterns of innervation are independent of descending inputs until just before hatching in the chick.

Oocyte quality following in vitro follicle development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Xu ◽  
Mary B Zelinski
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Oocyte Quality ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Toxicity Screening ◽  
Adequate Model ◽  
Vitro Fertilization

Abstract In vitro follicle development (IVFD) is an adequate model to obtain basic knowledge of folliculogenesis and provides a tool for ovarian toxicity screening. IVFD yielding competent oocytes may also offer an option for fertility and species preservation. To promote follicle growth and oocyte maturation in vitro, various culture systems are utilized for IVFD in rodents, domestic animals, wild animals, nonhuman primates, and humans. Follicle culture conditions have been improved by optimizing gonadotropin levels, regulatory factors, nutrient supplements, oxygen concentration, and culture matrices. This review summarizes quality assessment of oocytes generated from in vitro-developed antral follicles from the preantral stage, including oocyte epigenetic and genetic profile, cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation, preimplantation embryonic development following in vitro fertilization, as well as pregnancy and live offspring after embryo transfer. The limitations of oocyte quality evaluation following IVFD and the gaps in our knowledge of IVFD to support proper oocyte development are also discussed. The information may advance our understanding of the requirements for IVFD, with a goal of producing competent oocytes with genetic integrity to sustain embryonic development resulting in healthy offspring.

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