The Effect of Environmental Factors on the Differentiation of the AUantoic Endoderm in Organ Culture

Development ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-352
Author(s):  
B. Fell
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Organ Culture ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Granular Layer ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Columnar Epithelium ◽  
Embryonic Life ◽  
Hind Gut

The allantois of the chick appears at about the 3rd day of incubation as an evagination from the hind gut; it soon becomes distended with fluid, enlarges rapidly, and fuses with the chorion to form the chorio-allantoic membrane. Out of curiosity, the allantoic sac of a 4-day chick embryo was explanted in a watchglass culture to see how it would behave in vitro. Under these conditions the allantoic endoderm did not develop into a flattened, granular layer as in normal embryonic life, but instead differentiated into a tall, columnar epithelium with many actively secreting goblet cells, which closely resembled that of the large intestine. This casual observation was investigated further and the results of the study are described below. The allantoic sac was removed from 3½-4½-day embryos, before fusion with the chorion had taken place; the neck of the allantois, uniting the latter with the gut, was excluded from the explants.

scholarly journals Morphological Features of the Digestive Tube in Sand Lizards, Lacerta agilis (Sauria, Lacertidae)

Zoodiversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-382
Author(s):  
M. V. Skripka ◽  
I. I. Panikar ◽  
B. P. Kyrychko ◽  
O. I. Tul
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Columnar Epithelium ◽  
Digestive Tube ◽  
Sand Lizard ◽  
Lacerta Agilis

The features of the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) digestive tube morphology are presented in the article. It has been found that the sand lizard gastrointestinal tract includes oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and cloaca. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The esophagus is represented by an extensible canal; the distinction between the esophagus and the stomach is not expressed. The availability of a large number of ventricular fossae have stipulated a large area of the gastric mucosa and its cellular structure. The stomach is separated from the duodenum by a well-developed annular fold (pylorus). Villi of the duodenal mucosa are narrow, of different heights, covered with a single layer of columnar epithelium. The jejunum villi are of a more elongated shape, with more goblet cells and fewer crypts, the ileum villi are short. Small clumps of lymphoid cells are observed in the mucous membrane of the small intestine. The mucous membrane of the large intestine is lined with ordinary columnar epithelium containing goblet cells. Lymphoid aggregates are found in the wall of the large intestine. The cecum, as a distinct morphological section of the large intestine, is not presented.

Myogenesis in chick embryo somites in vitro

Development ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-346
Author(s):  
M. L. Ellison ◽  
E. J. Ambrose ◽  
G. C. Easty
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Conditioned Medium ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Latent Form

Evidence from a number of studies (e.g. Holtzer, 1964; Coon & Cahn, 1966; Konigsberg, 1963) has suggested that the differentiation of some types of cells in vitro may be influenced by environmental factors. Culture conditions can permit or prevent the phenotypic expression of characteristics already determined in the cells. The length of time involved in the stabilization of differentiation appears to vary widely according to the conditions of culture. Coon (1966), using chondrocytes, and Simpson & Cox (1967), using lizard tail regenerate, among other examples, have demonstated that determination could be maintained over many mitotic divisions in a latent form, before being expressed eventually under the stabilizing conditions. A range of environmental factors has been shown to be effective during stabilization, including protein constituents of the medium (Coon, 1966; Cahn & Cahn, 1966), conditioned medium (Konigsberg, 1963), cell density (Abbott & Holtzer, 1966; Umansky, 1966) and tissue mass (Grobstein, 1964; Wessells & Cohen, 1967).

scholarly journals The regulation of haemoglobin synthesis in cultured chick blastoderms by steroids related to 5β-androstane

1976 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Irving ◽  
W I P Mainwaring ◽  
P M Spooner
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Organ Culture ◽  
Culture In Vitro ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Haemoglobin Synthesis

1. After 24h of incubation, the blastoderm may be dissected from the early developing chick embryo and successfully maintained under conditions of organ culture in vitro. 2. Low concentrations of steroids related to 5beta-androstane stimulate the synthesis of foetal haemoglobins, types E and P, in a highly steroid- and tissue-specific manner.

IN VITRO METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL FUNCTIONS TO SECRETE GONADOTROPHIN

1971 ◽  
Vol 68 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S27-S40 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kobayashi ◽  
T. Kigawa ◽  
M. Mizuno ◽  
T. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Organ Culture ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Cell Sheet ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hypothalamic Extract ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
Single Cell Culture ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACT There are several in vitro methods to analyse the function of the adenohypophysis or the mechanisms of its regulation. The present paper deals with single cell culture, organ culture and short term incubation techniques by which the morphology and gonadotrophin-secreting function of the adenohypophysis were studied. In trypsin-dispersed cell culture, the adenohypophysial cells showed extensive propagation to form numerous cell colonies and finally develop into a confluent monolayer cell sheet covering completely the surface of culture vessels. Almost all of the cultured cells, however, became chromophobic, at least at the end of the first week of cultivation, when gonadotrophin was detectable neither in the culture medium nor in the cells themselves. After the addition of the hypothalamic extract, gonadotrophin became detectable again, and basophilic or PAS-positive granules also reappeared within the cells, suggesting that the gonadotrophs were stimulated by the extract to produce gonadotrophin. In organ culture and short term incubation, the incorporation of [3H] leucine into the adenohypophysial cells in relation to the addition of hypothalamic extract was examined. It was obvious that the ability to incorporate [3H] leucine into the gonadotrophs in vitro was highly dependent upon the presence of the hypothalamic extract.

P140 3D BIOENGINEERED TISSUE MODEL OF THE LARGE INTESTINE TO STUDY INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S34-S35
Author(s):  
Terrence Roh ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Harry Paul ◽  
Chengchen Guo ◽  
David Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Tissue Model ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Silk Scaffold ◽  
Subepithelial Layer ◽  
Migration Of Macrophages

Abstract An in vitro model of intestine epithelium with an immune compartment was bioengineered to mimic immunologic responses seen in inflammatory bowel disease [1]. While aspects of intestinal immunity can be modeled in transwells and 2D culture systems, 3D tissue models improve physiological relevance by providing a 3D substrate which enable migration of macrophages towards the epithelium. An intestinal epithelium comprised of non-transformed human colon organoid cells and a subepithelial layer laden with monocyte-derived macrophages was bioengineered to mimic native intestinal mucosa cell organization using spongy silk scaffolds. Confluent epithelial monolayers with microvilli, a mucus layer, and infiltration of macrophages to the basal side of the epithelium were observed. Inflammation, induced by E. coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide and interferon γ resulted in morphology changes to the epithelium, resulting in ball-like structures, decreased epithelial coverage, and migration of macrophages to the epithelium. Analysis of cytokines present in the inflamed tissue model demonstrated significantly upregulated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with active inflammatory bowel disease, including CXCL10, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-2, and MIP-1β. The macrophage layer enhanced epithelial and biochemical responses to inflammatory stimuli, and this new tissue system may be useful to study and develop potential therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. References: 6 Roh, T.T., et al., 3D bioengineered tissue model of the large intestine to study inflammatory bowel disease. Biomaterials, 2019: p. 119517. 7 In, J., et al., Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli reduce mucus and intermicrovillar bridges in human stem cell-derived colonoids. Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology, 2015. 2(1): p. 48–62.e3. 8 Chen, Y., et al., In vitro enteroid-derived three-dimensional tissue model of human small intestinal epithelium with innate immune responses. PLoS ONE, 2017. 12(11): p. e0187880. Colonoid and macrophage cultivation scheme in the 3D bilayer system. (A) Human monocytes were isolated from whole blood and human colonoids from large intestine biopsies were cultured according to established protocols [2]. (B) Cell suspensions of colonoids were seeded on the film surface on the inner silk scaffold and monocyte-derived macrophages were seeded throughout the porous outer silk scaffold using established protocols [3]. (C) The model is cultured for 3 weeks total with 2 weeks in High WNT media and 1 week in differentiation media based on established protocol. Colonoids are present in the model throughout the 3 week culture time. 2 sets of macrophages are added with the first set added after the first week of culture and the second set replacing the first set after the second week.

Biotin studies in pigs

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Kopinski ◽  
Jane Leibholz ◽  
W. L. Bryden
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Maize Flour ◽  
Hind Gut

Eight pigs were given a semi-purified diet based on maize flour and casein containing 10 μg biotin/kg. The diet was given ad lib. with or without a supplement of 70 μg biotin/kg diet from 5 to 94 d of age. The flow of biotin in the stomach was similar to the biotin intake (13.5 and 112 μg/d) for the unsupplemented and biotin-supplemented pigs respectively. The flow of biotin through the small intestine decreased for the biotin-supplemented pigs from 39 μg/d in the first quarter of the small intestine to 7.9 μg/d in the last quarter. The flows of biotin in the caecum, large intestine and colon were similar for both the unsupplemented and biotin-supplemented pigs, with values of 17–54 μg/d, indicating the synthesis of biotin in the hind-gut.

A STUDY OF THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF CHICK WHOLE EYE EXTRACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LENS OF THE CHICK EMBRYO IN VITRO

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Reactive System ◽  
Vesicle Formation ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Muscle Extract ◽  
Lens Vesicle ◽  
And Control

To demonstrate the phenomenon of homologous inhibition by clearly interpretable results in a readily reactive system, experiments were carried out to study the effect of chick whole eye extract on the development of the vesicular lens of the chick embryo in vitro. The heads of embryos of 11 through 13 somites were explanted onto nutrient medium diluted with varying amounts of the extract, and cultured for 30 hours. A total of 35 embryos exposed to concentrations of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 (extract to medium) showed complete inhibition of lens vesicle formation. Of a total of 53 embryos on concentrations of 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, and 1:64, more than 50% showed inhibition of vesicle formation. The inhibitory effect disappeared at a concentration of 1:128. Control material exposed to some equivalent concentrations of nutrient medium – saline mixtures showed inhibition of vesicle formation in only 15% of 33 embryos. Of a total of 27 control embryos exposed to ventricular muscle extract, approximately one-third showed inhibition of vesicle formation at concentrations of 1:8 and 1:16, with the inhibitory effect disappearing at 1:32. The implications of this result are discussed. Other factors and control experiments are described and their value is assessed.

scholarly journals In vitro mouse spermatogenesis with an organ culture method in chemically defined medium

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e0192884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Sanjo ◽  
Mitsuru Komeya ◽  
Takuya Sato ◽  
Takeru Abe ◽  
Kumiko Katagiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organ Culture ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium
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