Symmetry systems and compartments in Lepidopteran wings: the evolution of a patterning mechanism

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
H. Frederik Nijhout
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
System Development ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Developmental System ◽  
Wing Patterns ◽  
Pattern Development ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Ripple Patterns ◽  
Well Differentiated

The wing patterns of butterflies are made up of an array of discrete pattern elements. Wing patterns evolve through changes in the size, shape and color of these pattern elements. The pattern elements are arranged in several parallel symmetry systems that develop independently from one another. The wing is further compartmentalized for color pattern formation by the wing veins. Pattern development in these compartments is largely independent from that in adjacent compartments. This two-fold compartmentalization of the color pattern (by symmetry systems and wing veins) has resulted in an extremely flexible developmental system that allows each pattern element to vary and evolve independently, without the burden of correlated evolution in other elements. The lack of developmental constraints on pattern evolution may explain why butterflies have diverged so dramatically in their color patterns, and why accurate mimicry has evolved so frequently. This flexible developmental system appears to have evolved from the convergence of two ancient patterning systems that the butterflies inherited from their ancestors. Mapping of various pattern types onto a phylogeny of the Lepidoptera indicates that symmetry systems evolved in several steps from simple spotting patterns. Initially all such patterns were developmentally identical but each became individuated in the immediate ancestors of the butterflies. Compartmentalization by wing veins is found in all Lepidoptera and their sister group the Trichoptera, but affects primarily the ripple patterns that form the background upon which spotting patterns and symmetry systems develop. These background pattern are determined earlier in ontogeny than are the symmetry systems, and the compartmentalization mechanism is presumably no longer active when the latter develop. It appears that both individuation of symmetry systems and compartmentalization by the wing veins began at or near the wing margin. Only the butterflies and their immediate ancestors evolved a pattern formation mechanism that combines the development of a regular array of well-differentiated symmetry systems with the mechanism that compartmentalizes the wing with respect to color pattern formation. The result was an uncoupling of symmetry system development in each wing cell. This, together with the individuation of symmetry systems, yielded an essentially mosaic developmental system of unprecedented permutational flexibility that enabled the great radiation of butterfly wing patterns.

scholarly journals Genetic Basis of Melanin Pigmentation in Butterfly Wings

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linlin Zhang ◽  
Arnaud Martin ◽  
Michael W. Perry ◽  
Karin R.L. van der Burg ◽  
Yuji Matsuoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Wing Pattern ◽  
Butterfly Wing ◽  
Melanin Pigmentation ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Wing Patterns ◽  
Pattern Development ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Melanin Pathway

AbstractDespite the variety, prominence, and adaptive significance of butterfly wing patterns surprisingly little known about the genetic basis of wing color diversity. Even though there is intense interest in wing pattern evolution and development, the technical challenge of genetically manipulating butterflies has slowed efforts to functionally characterize color pattern development genes. To identify candidate wing pigmentation genes we used RNA-seq to characterize transcription across multiple stages of butterfly wing development, and between different color pattern elements, in the painted lady butterfly Vanessa cardui. This allowed us to pinpoint genes specifically associated with red and black pigment patterns. To test the functions of a subset of genes associated with presumptive melanin pigmentation we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in four different butterfly genera. pale, Ddc, and yellow knockouts displayed reduction of melanin pigmentation, consistent with previous findings in other insects. Interestingly, however, yellow-d, ebony, and black knockouts revealed that these genes have localized effects on tuning the color of red, brown, and ochre pattern elements. These results point to previously undescribed mechanisms for modulating the color of specific wing pattern elements in butterflies, and provide an expanded portrait of the insect melanin pathway.

Zebrafish Pigment Pattern Formation: Insights into the Development and Evolution of Adult Form

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 505-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa B. Patterson ◽  
David M. Parichy
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Pigment Cell ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Lineage Specification ◽  
Pigment Pattern ◽  
Adult Form ◽  
Pattern Development ◽  
Pigment Patterns

Vertebrate pigment patterns are diverse and fascinating adult traits that allow animals to recognize conspecifics, attract mates, and avoid predators. Pigment patterns in fish are among the most amenable traits for studying the cellular basis of adult form, as the cells that produce diverse patterns are readily visible in the skin during development. The genetic basis of pigment pattern development has been most studied in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Zebrafish adults have alternating dark and light horizontal stripes, resulting from the precise arrangement of three main classes of pigment cells: black melanophores, yellow xanthophores, and iridescent iridophores. The coordination of adult pigment cell lineage specification and differentiation with specific cellular interactions and morphogenetic behaviors is necessary for stripe development. Besides providing a nice example of pattern formation responsible for an adult trait of zebrafish, stripe-forming mechanisms also provide a conceptual framework for posing testable hypotheses about pattern diversification more broadly. Here, we summarize what is known about lineages and molecular interactions required for pattern formation in zebrafish, we review some of what is known about pattern diversification in Danio, and we speculate on how patterns in more distant teleosts may have evolved to produce a stunningly diverse array of patterns in nature.

A new species of deep-sea Dendronotus Alder & Hancock (Mollusca:Nudibranchia) from California, with an expanded phylogeny of the genus

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla C. Stout ◽  
Nerida G. Wilson ◽  
Ángel Valdés
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Pacific Species ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Water Species ◽  
Cold Water Species

Dendronotus patricki, sp. nov. is a new species collected from a whalefall in the Monterey Canyon, California. This new species is characterised by having a small number of dorsal appendages compared with similarly sized species of Dendronotus Alder & Hancock, 1845. Anatomically, D. patricki, sp. nov. has a small prostate with just a few alveoli, a very small seminal receptacle situated near the distal end of the vagina, and a relatively short and small ampulla. The rachidian radular teeth of D. patricki, sp. nov. are unique among Dendronotus as they have a well differentiated, conical cusp with very small denticles on either side, but most denticles are located on the sides of the teeth, rather than on the sides of the cusp. Dendronotus patricki, sp. nov., is genetically distinct from other species of Dendronotus for which sequence data are available. A phylogenetic analysis of Dendronotus based on COI, 16S, and H3 sequence data reveals that D. patricki, sp. nov. forms a polytomy with Dendronotus orientalis (Baba, 1932) and a clade of the shallow temperate and cold water species. The tropical Indo-Pacific species D. regius Pola & Stout, 2008 is the sister group to all other Dendronotus species.

EVOLUTION OF THE HIND WING IN COLEOPTERA

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmila Kukalová-Peck ◽  
John F. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Wing Vein ◽  
Folding Mechanism ◽  
Evolutionary Radiation ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Phylogenetic Scheme ◽  
Wing Folding

AbstractA survey is made of the major features of the venation, articulation, and folding in the hind wings of Coleoptera. The documentation is based upon examination of 108 Coleoptera families and 200 specimens, and shown in 101 published figures. Wing veins and articular sclerites are homologized with elements of the neopteran wing groundplan, resulting in wing vein terminology that differs substantially from that generally used by coleopterists. We tabulate the differences between currently used venational nomenclature and the all-pterygote homologous symbols. The use of the neopteran groundplan, combined with the knowledge of the way in which veins evolved, provides many strong characters linked to the early evolutionary radiation of Coleoptera. The order originated with the development of the apical folding of the hind wings under the elytra executed by the radial and medial loop. The loops, which are very complex venational structures, further diversified in four distinctly different ways which mark the highest (suborder) taxa. The remaining venation and the wing articulation have changed with the loops, which formed additional synapomorphies and autapomorphies at the suborder, superfamily, and sometimes even family and tribe levels. Relationships among the four currently recognized suborders of Coleoptera are reexamined using hind wing characters. The number of wing-related apomorphies are 16 in Coleoptera, seven in Archostemata + Adephaga–Myxophaga, four in Adephaga–Myxophaga, seven in Myxophaga, nine in Archostemata, and five in Polyphaga. The following phylogenetic scheme is suggested: Polyphaga [Archostemata (Adephaga + Myxophaga)]. Venational evidence is given to define two major lineages (the hydrophiloid and the eucinetoid) within the suborder Polyphaga. The unique apical wing folding mechanism of beetles is described. Derived types of wing folding are discussed, based mainly on a survey of recent literature. A sister group relationship between Coleoptera and Strepsiptera is supported by hind wing evidence.

Ephemeroid wing venation based upon new gigantic Carboniferous mayflies and basic morphology, phylogeny, and metamorphosis of pterygote insects (Insecta, Ephemerida)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 933-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmila Kukalová-Peck
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Wing Venation ◽  
Upper Carboniferous ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Primitive Condition ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Tracheal Gills ◽  
Plesiomorphic Character

Gigantic as well as very large mayflies from the middle Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian) strata of Europe and North America are described: the adult and nymph of Bojophlebia prokopi n. gen., n. sp. (Bojophlebiidae n. fam.) and the nymphs of Lithoneura piecko n. sp. and Lithoneura clayesi n. sp. (Syntonopteridae). Evolution of ephemerid wing venation during 300 million years is summarized. Autapomorphic, apomorphic, and plesiomorphic character states of venation are categorized. Venational nomenclature of Recent Ephemerida is emended based on its evolutionary changes. Evidence that wing veins occurred primitively as a pair of fluted sectors is documented in Carboniferous mayflies in the costa, subcosta, radius, anal, and jugal. Ephemeroids and odonatoids are sister groups that share the veinal anal brace AA fused with CuP at an area important for flight. Ancestral Odonatoephemerida are the sister group of the extinct haustellate Paleoptera. The Carboniferous nymphs bear three pairs of almost homonomous thoracic wings and, on the abdomen, nine pairs of legs and nine pairs of tracheal gills (wing homologues). This proves that abdominal legs have been totally reduced in Recent Ephemerida except for the claspers (gonopods) and that tracheal gills are not flattened legs. The metamorphic instar probably originated in relatively young instars. Insectan cerci developed from segmented, arched, functional legs of abdominal segment 11, which were still present in this primitive condition in Carboniferous Monura.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document