Morphological and autoradiographic studies of cleft palate induced in rat embryos by maternal hypervitaminosis A

Development ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-238
Author(s):  
Devendra M. Kochhar ◽  
E. Marshall Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Hypervitaminosis A ◽  
Rat Embryos ◽  
Controlled Treatment ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Matrix

In the laboratory many teratogenic procedures have been found to produce cleft palate in conjunction with other congenital malformations (Kalter & Warkany, 1959), but only in embryos of cortisone treated mice has this malformation been reported to occur singly (Baxter & Fraser, 1950). However, a carefully controlled treatment with hypervitaminosis A can produce a high incidence of cleft palate which is only rarely accompanied by other malformations (Giroud & Martinet, 1956). These two teratogenic treatments have other similarities in that both similarly affect the ultimate chemical composition of tissues. That is, both in vivo and in vitro, cortisone depresses the ability of tissues to synthesize chondroitin sulfate (Layton, 1951a, 1951b; Schiller & Dorfman, 1957) and, in animals receiving excessive doses of vitamin A, chondroitin sulfate was removed from the matrix of epiphyseal and articular cartilages (Thomas et al., 1960).

Radiolabeled r-Hirudin as a Measure of Thrombin Activity at, or within, the Rabbit Aorta Wall In Vitro and In Vivo

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (04) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W C Hatton ◽  
Bonnie Ross-Ouellet
Keyword(s):  
Rabbit Aorta ◽  
Balloon Injury ◽  
Recombinant Hirudin ◽  
Aorta Wall ◽  
Thrombin Activity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Matrix

SummaryThe behavior of 125I-labeled recombinant hirudin towards the uninjured and de-endothelialized rabbit aorta wall has been studied in vitro and in vivo to determine its usefulness as an indicator of thrombin activity associated with the aorta wall. Thrombin adsorbed to either sulfopropyl-Sephadex or heparin-Sepharose bound >95% of 125I-r-hirudin and the complex remained bound to the matrix. Binding of 125I-r-hirudin to the exposed aorta subendothelium (intima-media) in vitro was increased substantially if the tissue was pre-treated with thrombin; the quantity of l25I-r-hirudin bound to the de-endothelialized intima-media (i.e. balloon-injured in vitro) correlated positively with the quantity of bound 131I-thrombin (p <0.01). Aortas balloon-injured in vivo were measured for thrombin release from, and binding of 125I-r-hirudin to, the de-endothelialized intimal surface in vitro; 125I-r-hirudin binding correlated with the amount of active thrombin released (p <0.001). Uptake of 125I-r-hirudin by the aorta wall in vivo was proportional to the uptake of 131I-fibrinogen (as an indicator of thrombin activity) before and after balloon injury. After 30 min in the circulation, specific 125I-r-hirudin binding to the uninjured and de-endo- thelialized (at 1.5 h after injury) aorta wall was equivalent to 3.4 (± 2.5) and 25.6 (±18.1) fmol of thrombin/cm2 of intima-media, respectively. Possibly, only hirudin-accessible, glycosaminoglycan-bound thrombin is measured in this way.

scholarly journals Overexpression of the Matrix Metalloproteinase Matrilysin Results in Premature Mammary Gland Differentiation and Male Infertility

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Rudolph-Owen ◽  
Paul Cannon ◽  
Lynn M. Matrisian
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽  
Transgenic Animals ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
The Matrix

To examine the role of matrilysin (MAT), an epithelial cell-specific matrix metalloproteinase, in the normal development and function of reproductive tissues, we generated transgenic animals that overexpress MAT in several reproductive organs. Three distinct forms of human MAT (wild-type, active, and inactive) were placed under the control of the murine mammary tumor virus promoter/enhancer. Although wild-type, active, and inactive forms of the human MAT protein could be produced in an in vitro culture system, mutations of the MAT cDNA significantly decreased the efficiency with which the MAT protein was produced in vivo. Therefore, animals carrying the wild-type MAT transgene that expressed high levels of human MAT in vivo were further examined. Mammary glands from female transgenic animals were morphologically normal throughout mammary development, but displayed an increased ability to produce β-casein protein in virgin animals. In addition, beginning at approximately 8 mo of age, the testes of male transgenic animals became disorganized with apparent disintegration of interstitial tissue that normally surrounds the seminiferous tubules. The disruption of testis morphology was concurrent with the onset of infertility. These results suggest that overexpression of the matrix-degrading enzyme MAT alters the integrity of the extracellular matrix and thereby induces cellular differentiation and cellular destruction in a tissue-specific manner.

In vitro analysis of glucose metabolism and embryonic growth in postimplantation rat embryos

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Ellington
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Rat Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Growth ◽  
Stage Of Development

The glucose metabolism and embryonic development of rat embryos during organogenesis was studied using embryo culture. Glucose uptake and embryonic growth and differentiation of 10.5-day explants (embryos + membranes) were limited by the decreasing glucose concentration, but not the increasing concentration of metabolites, in the culture media during the second 24 h of a 48 h culture. No such limitations were found on the embryonic development of 9.5-day explants during a 48 h culture although glucose uptake was slightly reduced at very low concentrations of glucose. From the head-fold stage to the 25-somite stage of development, glucose uptake was characteristic of the stage of development of the embryo and not the time it had been in culture. Embryonic growth of 9.5-day explants was similar to that previously observed in vivo. Glucose uptake by 9.5-day explants was dependent on the surface area of the yolk sac and was independent of the glucose concentration in the culture media (within the range of 9.4 to 2.5 mM). The proportion of glucose converted to lactate was 100% during the first 42h of culture then fell to about 50% during the final 6h. The protein contents of both the extraembryonic membranes and the embryo were dependent on the glucose uptake.

Evidence of an Intrinsic Defect of Lymphocyte Reactivity in AKR Mice.

1975 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dino Collavo ◽  
Giovanni Biasi ◽  
Alfonso Colombatti ◽  
Mario Varotto ◽  
Roberto Fabbris
Keyword(s):  
Immunocompetent Cells ◽  
Intrinsic Defect ◽  
Lymphocyte Response ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Splenic Cells ◽  
Pha Stimulation ◽  
Akr Mice ◽  
Lymphocyte Reactivity

Like their AKR/J parent, (CBAT6T6 × AKR/J)F1 mice are carriers of endogenous G-MuLV and present a high incidence of spontaneous lymphoma. However, the F1. hybrids do not present the immunological deficits seen in pre-leukemic AKR/J mice since they respond normally to in vitro PHA stimulation and to in vivo LPS immunization. These observations suggest that there is probably no direct relationship between the presence of MuLV and immunological impairment. Studies have been carried out to ascertain whether the altered immunological reactivity seen in AKR/J mice is related to factors intrinsic to the immunocompetent cells or to environmental inadequacy. Thus, (CBAT6T6 × AKR/J)F1 mice were thymectomized, irradiated, reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow and simultaneous transplant of CBAT6T6 and AKR/J thymus, and their lymphocyte response to PHA was assayed. In addition, antibody production following LPS immunization was studied by transferring AKR/J splenic cells to irradiated CBAT6T6 or (CBAT6T6 × AKR/J)F1 mice, and vice-versa. The results of these investigations indicate that an intrinsic lymphocyte hyporeactivity is present in AKR/J mice and environmental factors do not modify the reactivity of the transferred immunocompetent cells.

Preparation Of Antithrombin, High Activity Heparin And A Heparin-Antithrombin Complex By A Rapid Two-Step Affinity Method

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Jordan ◽  
T Zuffi ◽  
M Fournel ◽  
D Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Tight Binding ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Purification Scheme ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Low Ionic Strength ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Benefit

The tight binding affinity of antithrombin for heparin makes possible a relatively selective purification scheme based on salt elution from heparin-Sepharose. We have found, however, that purity can often be greatly increased if the elution is carried out with soluble heparin instead. This heparin can be removed from the antithrombin, either in whole or part, by a second affinity step on Concanavalin A Sepharose. The antithrombin, which binds to the matrix through its glycosidic moieties, retains its ability to bind heparin at physiological ionic strengths. Thus, the complex of antithrombin and heparin is readily isolated free of unbound heparin species. The complex can be eluted intact with low ionic strength buffers containing sugars which compete for binding to the lectin. Alternatively, the high activity heparin (400–500 units/mg) can be obtained separately by a 1 M NaCl wash which is then followed by a carbohydrate wash to obtain the purified antithrombin.We have made certain preliminary biochemical and anticoagulant characterizations of these materials. Not unexpectedly, both the high activity heparin and its complex with antithrombin show significantly greater in vitro potency in comparison to unfractionated heparin. In vivo anticoagulant efficacy, as evaluated in a rabbit infusion model, confirmed the in vitro findings and further suggests some potential therapeutic benefit may be derived from infusion of a preformed heparin-antithrombin complex.

scholarly journals INCREASED FIXATION OF SULFUR35 BY CARTILAGE IN VITRO FOLLOWING DEPLETION OF THE MATRIX BY INTRAVENOUS PAPAIN

1960 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. McElligott ◽  
J. L. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Experimental Situation ◽  
Costal Cartilage ◽  
Primary Lesion ◽  
Cartilage Matrix ◽  
Osteoarthritic Cartilage ◽  
The Matrix

The uptake in vitro of sulfur-35 by costal cartilage obtained from nine rabbits 11 days after an intravenous injection of crude papain solution was compared with that in costal cartilage from eight normal untreated rabbits. An increased fixation of the isotope was found in treated animals compared with controls. The depletion of cartilage matrix by papain provided an experimental situation to test the hypothesis that the depletion of matrix which occurs in osteoarthritic cartilage can stimulate increased synthesis of chondroitin sulfate. The results give further support to the view that the primary lesion in osteoarthritis occurs in the matrix rather than in the chondrocyte of articular cartilage.

Chondroitin sulfate activates B cells in vitro, expands CD138+cells in vivo, and interferes with established humoral immune responses

2014 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilke Brühl ◽  
Josef Cihak ◽  
Nicole Goebel ◽  
Yvonne Talke ◽  
Kerstin Renner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses

Maternal diabetes in vivo and high glucose concentration in vitro increases apoptosis in rat embryos

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattias Gäreskog ◽  
Jonas Cederberg ◽  
Ulf J. Eriksson ◽  
Parri Wentzel
Keyword(s):  
High Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Maternal Diabetes ◽  
High Glucose Concentration ◽  
Rat Embryos

Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Electrochemically-Aligned Collagen Matrix as a Dermal Substitute

MRS Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (18) ◽  
pp. 1295-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
XingGuo Cheng ◽  
Nicole Edwards ◽  
Kelly Leung ◽  
David Zhang ◽  
Robert J. Christy
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Collagen Matrix ◽  
Electrochemical Process ◽  
Dermal Substitute ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Moisture Vapor ◽  
Near Future

ABSTRACTDue to injuries and disease, there is a great need for a robust, biocompatible, biodegradable, skin-like dermal substitute to repair and regenerate damaged or lost skin. A novel electrochemical process was used to fabricate planarly aligned, densely packed collagen-based sheet which closely mimics the major structure of collagen in skin. The collagen matrix was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), oxygen permeation, moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR), and mechanical strength. The seeding and proliferation of adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) on the matrix was also evaluated. The results indicate that electrochemically-aligned collagen matrix has good MVTR, superior oxygen permeability, and is robust and biocompatible. Thus, it will be evaluated in vivo in the near future as a dermal substitute material.

scholarly journals Chitosan-Based Thermo-Sensitive Hydrogel Loading Oyster Peptides for Hemostasis Application

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5038
Author(s):  
Dongying Zhang ◽  
Zhang Hu ◽  
Lingyu Zhang ◽  
Sitong Lu ◽  
Fengyan Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Material ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Massive Hemorrhage ◽  
Gelatin Sponge ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Modified Chitosan ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Adsorption Rates

Uncontrolled massive hemorrhage is one of the principal causes of death in trauma emergencies. By using catechol-modified chitosan (CS-C) as the matrix material and β glycerol phosphate (β-GP) as a thermo-sensitive agent, chitosan-based thermo-sensitive hydrogel loading oyster peptides (CS-C/OP/β-GP) were prepared at physiological temperature. The hemostatic performance of CS-C/OP/β-GP hydrogel was tested in vivo and in vitro, and its biological safety was evaluated. The results showed that the in vitro coagulation time and blood coagulation index of CS-C/OP/β-GP hydrogel were better than those of a commercial gelatin sponge. Notably, compared with the gelatin sponge, CS-C/OP/β-GP hydrogel showed that the platelet adhesion and erythrocyte adsorption rates were 38.98% and 95.87% higher, respectively. Additionally, the hemostasis time in mouse liver injury was shortened by 19.5%, and the mass of blood loss in the mouse tail amputation model was reduced by 18.9%. The safety evaluation results demonstrated that CS-C/OP/β-GP had no cytotoxicity to L929 cells, and the hemolysis rates were less than 5% within 1 mg/mL, suggesting good biocompatibility. In conclusion, our results indicate that CS-C/OP/β-GP is expected to be a promising dressing in the field of medical hemostasis.

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