scholarly journals Sex determination genes control the development of the Drosophila genital disc, modulating the response to Hedgehog, Wingless and Decapentaplegic signals

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (7) ◽  
pp. 1033-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Sanchez ◽  
N. Gorfinkiel ◽  
I. Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Gene Target ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Genital Disc ◽  
Genital Discs ◽  
Female Genital ◽  
Male Genital

In both sexes, the Drosophila genital disc contains the female and male genital primordia. The sex determination gene doublesex controls which of these primordia will develop and which will be repressed. In females, the presence of Doublesex(F) product results in the development of the female genital primordium and repression of the male primordium. In males, the presence of Doublesex(M) product results in the development and repression of the male and female genital primordia, respectively. This report shows that Doublesex(F) prevents the induction of decapentaplegic by Hedgehog in the repressed male primordium of female genital discs, whereas Doublesex(M) blocks the Wingless pathway in the repressed female primordium of male genital discs. It is also shown that Doublesex(F) is continuously required during female larval development to prevent activation of decapentaplegic in the repressed male primordium, and during pupation for female genital cytodifferentiation. In males, however, it seems that Doublesex(M) is not continuously required during larval development for blocking the Wingless signaling pathway in the female genital primordium. Furthermore, Doublesex(M) does not appear to be needed during pupation for male genital cytodifferentiation. Using dachshund as a gene target for Decapentaplegic and Wingless signals, it was also found that Doublesex(M) and Doublesex(F) both positively and negatively control the response to these signals in male and female genitalia, respectively. A model is presented for the dimorphic sexual development of the genital primordium in which both Doublesex(M) and Doublesex(F) products play positive and negative roles.

The Drosophila sex determination hierarchy modulates wingless and decapentaplegic signaling to deploy dachshund sex-specifically in the genital imaginal disc

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (9) ◽  
pp. 1643-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.L. Keisman ◽  
B.S. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Cell Specification ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Developmental Program ◽  
Genital Discs ◽  
Genital Imaginal Disc ◽  
Female Genital

The integration of multiple developmental cues is crucial to the combinatorial strategies for cell specification that underlie metazoan development. In the Drosophila genital imaginal disc, which gives rise to the sexually dimorphic genitalia and analia, sexual identity must be integrated with positional cues, in order to direct the appropriate sexually dimorphic developmental program. Sex determination in Drosophila is controlled by a hierarchy of regulatory genes. The last known gene in the somatic branch of this hierarchy is the transcription factor doublesex (dsx); however, targets of the hierarchy that play a role in sexually dimorphic development have remained elusive. We show that the gene dachshund (dac) is differentially expressed in the male and female genital discs, and plays sex-specific roles in the development of the genitalia. Furthermore, the sex determination hierarchy mediates this sex-specific deployment of dac by modulating the regulation of dac by the pattern formation genes wingless (wg) and decapentaplegic (dpp). We find that the sex determination pathway acts cell-autonomously to determine whether dac is activated by wg signaling, as in females, or by dpp signaling, as in males.

TWO BILATERAL GYNANDROMORPHS IN THE CALYPTRATAE (DIPTERA): HYDROTAEA METEORICA (MUSCIDAE) AND SIPHONA HOKKAIDENSIS (TACHINIDAE)

1983 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. O'hara
Keyword(s):  
Calliphora Vicina ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Slight Rotation ◽  
Female Genital ◽  
Male Genital

AbstractTwo bilateral gynandromorphs, specimens of Hydrotaea meteorica (Linn.) (Muscidae) and Siphona hokkaidensis Mesnil (Tachinidae), are described and illustrated. Circumversion of male genital parts is thought to have been prevented by adjacent female genital elements. Study of essentially unrotated male genital halves of these specimens suggests that asymmetry of male sternite 6 in schizophorans results from asymmetrical development (as advocated by Emmert (1972) and Griffiths (1972)) and not as a consequence of slight rotation during circumversion (as advocated by Crampton (1942) and McAlpine (1981)). From study of genital fusion of male and female sclerites across midline, it is further suggested that sternite 6 + 7 in the above species is derived primarily from sternite 6, not from sternites 6 plus 7 as described in Calliphora vicina R.D. by Emmert (1972).

scholarly journals Sex determination in crayfish: are intersex Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda, Parastacidae) genetically females?

2003 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. PARNES ◽  
I. KHALAILA ◽  
G. HULATA ◽  
A. SAGI
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cherax Quadricarinatus ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
Red Claw Crayfish ◽  
Female Genital

In the Australian red-claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens) (Decapoda, Parastacidae), a gonochoristic species, seven different combinations of intersex individuals (with both male and female genital openings) have been described. However, to date, the genetic basis for this phenomenon has not been investigated. This study was designed to test a simple chromosome-based sex-determination model for C. quadricarinatus that assumes the male to be the homogametic (ZZ) sex. According to our model, intersex individuals that are functionally males are genetically females (WZ). Individual crosses were performed between intersex and female crayfish, with control crosses being performed between normal males and females. The control crosses yielded, in most cases, the expected 1[ratio ]1 sex ratio in the F1 progeny. Crosses between intersex individuals and females yielded a 1[ratio ]3 (male[ratio ]female) sex ratio in most crosses. According to our hypothesis, one-third of the females produced in a cross of a female with an intersex animal should be WW females. The hypothesis was tested by crossing normal males with F1 females, which were progeny of intersex fathers. These crosses yielded almost 100% females, a finding that conforms to the above-suggested sex determination model for C. quadricarinatus and the female WZ genotype of intersex individuals.

scholarly journals The Importance of Genital Mutilations to Gender Power Politics

1970 ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Seham Abd El-Salam
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Gender Issue ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Gender Power ◽  
Female Genital ◽  
Male Genital

Male and female genital mutilations (known as circumcision) are known in some cultures as rites of passage and purificatoin (Kennedy 1970; Toubia 1993; Turner 1985). However, I argue that they have another less declared but very significant aspect: they are functions and tools of patriarchal gender power politics. This paper deals with both types of genital mutilations, male and female, though it gives more attention to Male Genital Mutilation (MGM) because it is a muted gender issue. It is based on a study that I carried out in 1999-2000. It is a qualitative field study on the attitudes of 23 Egyptian intellectuals towards MGM*. All of the respondents are active against female genital mutilatoin (FGM) but tolerant to MGM. I interviewd them on semi-structured one-one basis. One important result of this study is that MGM as practiced in Egypt today is based on gender power politics (Abd el Salam 2000). Following is an elaboratoin on this point through interpretatoin of some observed beliefs and practices related to MGM and FGM.

scholarly journals Intraspecific evidence from guppies for correlated patterns of male and female genital trait diversification

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1718) ◽  
pp. 2611-2620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Evans ◽  
Clelia Gasparini ◽  
Gregory I. Holwell ◽  
Indar W. Ramnarine ◽  
Trevor E. Pitcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Copulatory Organ ◽  
Genital Morphology ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Correlated Patterns ◽  
Livebearing Fish ◽  
Female Genital ◽  
Male Genital

The role of sexual selection in fuelling genital evolution is becoming increasingly apparent from comparative studies revealing interspecific divergence in male genitalia and evolutionary associations between male and female genital traits. Despite this, we know little about intraspecific variance in male genital morphology, or how male and female reproductive traits covary among divergent populations. Here we address both topics using natural populations of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata , a livebearing fish that exhibits divergent patterns of male sexual behaviour among populations. Initially, we performed a series of mating trials on a single population to examine the relationship between the morphology of the male's copulatory organ (the gonopodium) and the success of forced matings. Using a combination of linear measurements and geometric morphometrics, we found that variation in the length and shape of the gonopodium predicted the success of forced matings in terms of the rate of genital contacts and insemination success, respectively. We then looked for geographical divergence in these traits, since the relative frequency of forced matings tends to be greater in high-predation populations. We found consistent patterns of variation in male genital size and shape in relation to the level of predation, and corresponding patterns of (co)variation in female genital morphology. Together, these data enable us to draw tentative conclusions about the underlying selective pressures causing correlated patterns of divergence in male and female genital traits, which point to a role for sexually antagonistic selection.

Reproduction, larval development and settlement of the intertidal serpulid polychaeteSpirobranchus cariniferus

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 1249-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis A. Gosselin ◽  
Mary A. Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Tissue Homogenate ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Marine Communities ◽  
Tissue Homogenates

Serpulid polychaetes are often important components of marine communities, yet current knowledge of serpulid reproduction, development and settlement is largely based on the study of only a few species. This study examined whether spawning and sexual development of the mid-intertidal serpulidSpirobranchus cariniferusare typical of patterns observed in other serpulids, and also examined the effect of diet on larval development and identified cues that induce metamorphosis. Populations ofS. cariniferuson the east and west coasts of New Zealand's North Island had an extended spawning season with a high proportion (75–100%) of individuals carrying ripe gametes at any given time from the late spring to early autumn, consistent with other serpulid species. However, contrary to proposed patterns of sexual development in serpulids, sex-ratios and average male and female body masses suggestS. cariniferusare not protandric hermaphrodites. A diet experiment revealed that larval growth was fastest when provided with a mixed diet of three algal species. Solutions of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine at a concentration of 10−4M were potent inducers of metamorphosis inS. cariniferuslarvae, revealing that competence is reached by 13–15 days after fertilization. When exposed to surfaces coated with conspecific tube or tissue homogenates, 6% of competent larvae settled and metamorphosed on surfaces coated with tube homogenate whereas none settled on tissue homogenate or in the controls, suggesting specific cues are required for settlement and the likely presence of a settlement cue in the tubes of adult worms, consistent with the highly gregarious distribution of the species.

scholarly journals Correlation between male and female genital tuberculosis: a prospective analytical study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1053
Author(s):  
Aarushi Chaudhary ◽  
Prabhjot Kaur ◽  
Richa Kansal ◽  
Vikas Dhillon ◽  
Isha Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculous Infection ◽  
Male Factor ◽  
Genital Tuberculosis ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Partners ◽  
Female Genital Tuberculosis ◽  
Work Up ◽  
Female Genital ◽  
Definite Correlation ◽  
Male Genital

Background: Genital tuberculosis is an unusual extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis, often seen in middle-aged men with renal or pulmonary disease. The most common male genital sites of tuberculous infection are the epididymis and prostate. It is also an important cause of female infertility in the world, especially in developing countries. Majority of infertility cases are due to involvement of the fallopian tubes. Hardly any study has been done to establish correlation between male and female genital TB. We have evaluated the same in severe oligospermic/ azoospermic males and established a definite correlation. Objective was to establish a definite correlation between female and male genital tuberculosis in patients with male factor infertility.Methods: 100 severe oligozoospermic/azoospermic males presenting with infertility between April 2011 and January 2016 were enrolled and worked up for genital tuberculosis. Their female partners were worked up for female genital TB and correlation established.Results: Out of 100 patients with severe oligospermia or azoospermia who tested positive for TB quantiferon gold test. 18% female partners tested positive for TB quantiferon gold test.Conclusions: Tubercular work up of both partners is desired in couples with male factor infertility especially in long standing infertility to achieve optimum pregnancy outcome with ART.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PUTUSAN HAKIM PRA PERADILAN PENGADILAN NEGERI BANGIL NOMOR : 01/PID.PRA/2014/PN.BGL TGL 16 JUNI 2014 TERKAIT SURAT PERINTAH PENGHENTIAN PENYIDIKAN TINDAK PIDANA ZINA Jo PASAL 284 KUHP

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Satriyo Rusdi
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
District Court ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Dining Room ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Female Genital ◽  
Male Genital

 Didalam Putusan Hakim Pra Peradilan Pengadilan Negeri Bangil nomor : 01/Pid.Pra/2014/PN.Bgl, tertanggal 16 Juni 2014, terkait Tindak Pidana Zina mengalami perluasan makna dan tidak lagi berpatokan sepenuhnya seperti sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 284 KUHP menurut penjelasan Soesilo dalam KUHP,  Persetubuhan adalah : “Perpaduan antara anggota kelamin laki laki dan perempuan yang bisa dijalankan untuk mendapatkan anak, jadi anggota kelamin laki laki harus masuk kedalam anggota kelamin perempuan sehingga mengeluarkan air mani.” Seiring berjalannya waktu perkembangan hukum mengalami perubahan sejak adanya putusan Mahkamah Agung RI no. 854/Pid/1983 yang berbunyi sebagai berikut : “seorang laki-laki terbukti telah bersama sama dengan seorang perempuan dalam satu kamar, pada satu tempat tidur merupakan petunjuk bahwa laki-laki itu telah bersetubuh dengan perempuan tersebut”, akan tetapi pada akhirnya hakim Pra Peradilan Pengadilan Negeri Bangil , memutus perkara yang terkait dengan Tindak Pidana Zinah dengan tidak lagi mengacu pada satu kamar dan satu tempat tidur lagi, melainkan menjadi “seorang laki laki terbukti telah bersama sama dengan seorang perempuan tanpa ada ikatan perkawinan yang syah dan bukan suami istri, dalam satu rumah ( terdiri : 2 ruang kamar tidur, 1 ruang kamar mandi, 1 ruang makan dan 1 ruang tamu ) merupakan petunjuk bahwa laki laki tersebut  “sudah dapat dianggap” telah bersetubuh dengan perempuan tersebut”,Kata kunci: pidana, zina, putusan, penyidikan In the Bangil District Court Pre-Court Judge's Decision number: 01 / Pid.Pra / 2014 / PN.Bgl, dated June 16, 2014, related to Adultery Crimes has expanded its meaning and is no longer fully regulated as referred to in Article 284 of the Criminal Code according to Soesilo's explanation in KUHP, intercourse is: "The combination of male and female genital members that can be carried out to have children, so male genital members must enter the female genitalia so that they release semen." Over time the development of law has changed since the ruling of the Indonesian Supreme Court no. 854 / Pid / 1983 which reads as follows: "a man is proven to have been together with a woman in one room, in one bed is an indication that the man had had sex with the woman", but in the end the judge Pre The Bangil District Court, decided the case related to the Criminal Act of Zinah by no longer referring to one room and another bed, but to be "a man proven to have been together with a woman without any legal marital ties and not husband and wife, in one house (consisting of 2 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, 1 dining room and 1 living room) is an indication that the man "can be considered" having had sex with the woman ",Keywords: criminal, adultery, verdict, investigation

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