scholarly journals PlexinA2 and semaphorin signaling during cardiac neural crest development

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (16) ◽  
pp. 3071-3080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher B. Brown ◽  
Leonard Feiner ◽  
Min-Min Lu ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Xiaokui Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Cardiac Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Crest Development ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mouse Lines

Classic studies using avian model systems have demonstrated that cardiac neural crest cells are required for proper development of the cardiovascular system. Environmental influences that perturb neural crest development cause congenital heart defects in laboratory animals and in man. However, little progress has been made in determining molecular programs specifically regulating cardiac neural crest migration and function. Only recently have complex transgenic tools become available that confirm the presence of cardiac neural crest cells in the mammalian heart. These studies have relied upon the use of transgenic mouse lines and fate-mapping studies using Cre recombinase and neural crest-specific promoters. In this study, we use these techniques to demonstrate that PlexinA2 is expressed by migrating and postmigratory cardiac neural crest cells in the mouse. Plexins function as co-receptors for semaphorin signaling molecules and mediate axon pathfinding in the central nervous system. We demonstrate that PlexinA2-expressing cardiac neural crest cells are patterned abnormally in several mutant mouse lines with congenital heart disease including those lacking the secreted signaling molecule Semaphorin 3C. These data suggest a parallel between the function of semaphorin signaling in the central nervous system and in the patterning of cardiac neural crest in the periphery.

GNAQ Q209L expression initiated in multipotent neural crest cells drives aggressive melanoma of the central nervous system

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Urtatiz ◽  
Courtney Cook ◽  
Jenny L.‐Y. Huang ◽  
Iwei Yeh ◽  
Catherine D. Van Raamsdonk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Neural Crest Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun Yan ◽  
Jin Lu ◽  
Kai Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Epigenetic Regulation ◽  
Heart Development ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Cardiac Neural Crest ◽  
Epigenetic Regulators

The cardiac neural crest cells (cNCCs) is a transient, migratory cell population that contribute to the formation of major arteries and the septa and valves of the heart. Abnormal development of cNCCs leads to a spectrum of congenital heart defects that mainly affect the outflow region of the hearts. Signaling molecules and transcription factors are the best studied regulatory events controlling cNCC development. In recent years, however, accumulated evidence supports that epigenetic regulation also plays an important role in cNCC development. Here, we summarize the functions of epigenetic regulators during cNCC development as well as cNCC related cardiovascular defects. These factors include ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors, histone modifiers and DNA methylation modulators. In many cases, mutations in the genes encoding these factors are known to cause inborn heart diseases. A better understanding of epigenetic regulators, their activities and their roles during heart development will ultimately contribute to the development of new clinical applications for patients with congenital heart disease.

Leech Mechanosensation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Burrell
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Nociceptive Neurons ◽  
Mechanosensory Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) is an annelid (segmented worm) and one of the classic model systems in neuroscience. It has been used in research for over 50 years and was one of the first animals in which intracellular recordings of mechanosensory neurons were carried out. Remarkably, the leech has three main classes of mechanosensory neurons that exhibit many of the same properties found in vertebrates. The most sensitive of these neurons are the touch cells, which are rapidly adapting neurons that detect low-intensity mechanical stimuli. Next are the pressure cells, which are slow-adapting sensory neurons that respond to higher intensity, sustained mechanostimulation. Finally, there are nociceptive neurons, which have the highest threshold and respond to potentially damaging mechanostimuli, such as a pinch. As observed in mammals, the leech has separate mechanosensitive and polymodal nociceptors, the latter responding to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. The cell bodies for all three types of mechanosensitive neurons are found in the central nervous system where they are arranged as bilateral pairs. Each neuron extends processes to the skin where they form discrete receptive fields. In the touch and pressure cells, these receptive fields are arranged along the dorsal-ventral axis. For the mechano-only and polymodal nociceptive neurons, the peripheral receptive fields overlap with the mechano-only nociceptor, which also innervates the gut. The leech also has a type of mechanosensitive cell located in the periphery that responds to vibrations in the water and is used, in part, to detect potential prey nearby. In the central nervous system, the touch, pressure, and nociceptive cells all form synaptic connections with a variety of motor neurons, interneurons, and even each other, using glutamate as the neurotransmitter. Synaptic transmission by these cells can be modulated by a variety of activity-dependent processes as well as the influence of neuromodulatory transmitters, such as serotonin. The output of these sensory neurons can also be modulated by conduction block, a process in which action potentials fail to propagate to all the synaptic release sites, decreasing synaptic output. Activity in these sensory neurons leads to the initiation of a number of different motor behaviors involved in locomotion, such as swimming and crawling, as well as behaviors designed to recoil from aversive/noxious stimuli, such as local bending and shortening. In the case of local bending, the leech is able to bend in the appropriate direction away from the offending stimuli. It does so through a combination of which mechanosensory cell receptive fields have been activated and the relative activation of multiple sensory cells decoded by a layer of downstream interneurons.

Chick Sox10, a transcription factor expressed in both early neural crest cells and central nervous system

2000 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Chuan Cheng ◽  
Martin Cheung ◽  
Muhammad M. Abu-Elmagd ◽  
Alex Orme ◽  
Paul J. Scotting
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Crest Cells

The 13th J. A. F. Stevenson Memorial Lecture Sexual differentiation of the brain: possible mechanisms and implications

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Gorski
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
Actual Structure ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The mammalian brain appears to be inherently feminine and the action of testicular hormones during development is necessary for the differentiation of the masculine brain both in terms of functional potential and actual structure. Experimental evidence for this statement is reviewed in this discussion. Recent discoveries of marked structural sex differences in the central nervous system, such as the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in the rat, offer model systems to investigate potential mechanisms by which gonadal hormones permanently modify neuronal differentiation. Although effects of these steroids on neurogenesis and neuronal migration and specification have not been conclusively eliminated, it is currently believed, but not proven, that the principle mechanism of steroid action is to maintain neuronal survival during a period of neuronal death. The structural models of the sexual differentiation of the central nervous system also provide the opportunity to identify sex differences in neurochemical distribution. Two examples in the rat brain are presented: the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus and of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers and cells in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus. It is likely that sexual dimorphisms will be found to be characteristic of many neural and neurochemical systems. The final section of this review raises the possibility that the brain of the adult may, in response to steroid action, be morphologically plastic, and considers briefly the likelihood that the brain of the human species is also influenced during development by the hormonal environment.

scholarly journals Drug Penetration into the Central Nervous System: Pharmacokinetic Concepts and In Vitro Model Systems

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1542
Author(s):  
Felix Neumaier ◽  
Boris D. Zlatopolskiy ◽  
Bernd Neumaier
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Drug Penetration ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Delivery of most drugs into the central nervous system (CNS) is restricted by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which remains a significant bottleneck for development of novel CNS-targeted therapeutics or molecular tracers for neuroimaging. Consistent failure to reliably predict drug efficiency based on single measures for the rate or extent of brain penetration has led to the emergence of a more holistic framework that integrates data from various in vivo, in situ and in vitro assays to obtain a comprehensive description of drug delivery to and distribution within the brain. Coupled with ongoing development of suitable in vitro BBB models, this integrated approach promises to reduce the incidence of costly late-stage failures in CNS drug development, and could help to overcome some of the technical, economic and ethical issues associated with in vivo studies in animal models. Here, we provide an overview of BBB structure and function in vivo, and a summary of the pharmacokinetic parameters that can be used to determine and predict the rate and extent of drug penetration into the brain. We also review different in vitro models with regard to their inherent shortcomings and potential usefulness for development of fast-acting drugs or neurotracers labeled with short-lived radionuclides. In this regard, a special focus has been set on those systems that are sufficiently well established to be used in laboratories without significant bioengineering expertise.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING BLALOCK-TAUSSIG OPERATION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Clarkson ◽  
Manuel R. Gomez ◽  
Robert B. Wallace ◽  
William H. Weidman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Arterial System ◽  
Neurologic Complications ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Low Incidence

Two cases of severe neurologic symptoms after a Blalock-Taussig anastomosis are presented in detail. The histories of 116 patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease who had such an anastomotic operation at the Mayo Clinic were reviewed. There was a low incidence (less than 1%) of postoperative neurologic complications in patients without evidence of focal dysfunction of the central nervous system prior to operation. The review suggested an increased incidence of complications in those patients with a cerebrovascular abnormality before surgery. It is likely that these complications are related to alterations in the vertebrobasilar arterial system associated with this procedure.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document