barren inflorescence2 regulates axillary meristem development in the maize inflorescence

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (15) ◽  
pp. 2881-2891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula McSteen ◽  
Sarah Hake
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Axillary Meristem ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Normal Maize ◽  
Meristem Development ◽  
Axillary Meristems

Organogenesis in plants is controlled by meristems. Shoot apical meristems form at the apex of the plant and produce leaf primordia on their flanks. Axillary meristems, which form in the axils of leaf primordia, give rise to branches and flowers and therefore play a critical role in plant architecture and reproduction. To understand how axillary meristems are initiated and maintained, we characterized the barren inflorescence2 mutant, which affects axillary meristems in the maize inflorescence. Scanning electron microscopy, histology and RNA in situ hybridization using knotted1 as a marker for meristematic tissue show that barren inflorescence2 mutants make fewer branches owing to a defect in branch meristem initiation. The construction of the double mutant between barren inflorescence2 and tasselsheath reveals that the function of barren inflorescence2 is specific to the formation of branch meristems rather than bract leaf primordia. Normal maize inflorescences sequentially produce three types of axillary meristem: branch meristem, spikelet meristem and floral meristem. Introgression of the barren inflorescence2 mutant into genetic backgrounds in which the phenotype was weaker illustrates additional roles of barren inflorescence2 in these axillary meristems. Branch, spikelet and floral meristems that form in these lines are defective, resulting in the production of fewer floral structures. Because the defects involve the number of organs produced at each stage of development, we conclude that barren inflorescence2 is required for maintenance of all types of axillary meristem in the inflorescence. This defect allows us to infer the sequence of events that takes place during maize inflorescence development. Furthermore, the defect in branch meristem formation provides insight into the role of knotted1 and barren inflorescence2 in axillary meristem initiation.

scholarly journals Elevated Temperature Affects Axillary Meristem Development in Dendranthema ×grandiflorum 'Improved Mefo'

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1049-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Schoellhorn ◽  
James E. Barrett ◽  
Carolyn A. Bartuska ◽  
Terril Nell
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Axillary Meristem ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Meristem Development ◽  
Timing Of Exposure ◽  
Negative Linear Relationship ◽  
Parenchyma Tissue

Effects of heat stress on viable and nonviable axillary meristem development and subsequent lateral branching in 'Improved Mefo' chrysanthemum [Dendranthema ×grandiflorum Ramat. (Kitamura)] were studied. Plants grown at 33 °C day/27 °C night produced more nonviable buds than did plants grown at 23 °C day/18 °C night. A negative linear relationship {y = 28.7 + [-0.66 (x days)], r2 = 0.70} between timing of exposure to high temperatures and the number of nonviable buds was observed. Histological examination 28 days after exposure to 33 °C/27 °C revealed that plants showed both normal and abnormal bud development. Abnormal bud development occurred as a consequence of premature differentiation of axillary meristematic tissue into nonmeristematic parenchyma tissue immediately after separation of axillary from apical meristems.

Morphology and development of the primary and accessory buds of Eucalyptus regnans

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Cremer
Keyword(s):  
Axillary Meristem ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Eucalyptus Regnans ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Continuous Sequence ◽  
Shoot System ◽  
Axillary Meristems ◽  
Thin Walled

The vegetative axillary buds of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. at various ages were studied by light microscopy in serial sections and by direct observations in the field and glasshouse. All buds (except the very first apical bud) originated from axillary meristems, i.e. from generative tissue which arose in the axils of primordial leaves and survived in a meristematic condition for many years. Each axillary meristem normally produced one emergent primary bud and then an indefinite sequence of concealed accessory buds. The extensive dynamic shoot-system condensed within a primary bud comprised secondary as well as tertiary axes and their respective appendages. All parts were present throughout the year in a continuous sequence of maturation which extended also to the expanding shoot. During winter, development appeared to be merely slowed down or suspended. Primary buds which did not grow into shoots were shed after only a few weeks. The accessory buds were formed in a uniserial descending series at the base of and abaxial to each primary axillary bud. The first of the accessory buds was initiated within the primary bud, and the second within the expanding shoot. The first accessory bud resembled young primary buds in structure, but subsequent accessory buds were less and less complex. Keeping pace with the cambium, the axillary meristem formed a radial trace of thick-walled parenchyma in the wood and accessory buds embedded in a strand of thin-walled parenchyma in the bark. The distal portions of the bud strand and the buds embedded in it were shed progressively with the decorticating bark. Each of the bud strands which traversed the bark of 20-year-old E. viminalis Labill. was found to contain six to 12 radial strips of meristematic tissue. When epicormic growth was stimulated, several of these strips produced files of separate, new, condensed shoots. Of the scores of shoots thus initiated throughout the length of the bud strand, up to 10 or 20 of the distal ones emerged from the bark and grew into epicormic shoots. The buds of 20 other eucalypt species were examined by dissecting microscope only. It appeared that their bud systems were essentially similar to that of E. regnans. The widened concept of the axillary meristem shifts attention from individual buds to the continuous generative powers of the axillary meristem and helps to explain the outstanding capacity of the eucalypts to produce new shoots.

scholarly journals Establishment of a Rapid Plant Regeneration System in Physalis angulata L. through Axillary Meristems

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-474
Author(s):  
Owk ANIEL KUMAR ◽  
Songa RAMESH ◽  
Sape SUBBA TATA
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Culture ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
Multiple Shoot ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Axillary Meristem ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Axillary Meristems ◽  
Meristem Explants ◽  
Physalis Angulata

An optimal plant propagation method of Physalis angulata L., a medicinally important herbaceous plant species has been developed using axillary meristem explants. Shoot bud proliferation was initiated from axillary meristem explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of 0.5-2.5mg/L/(BAP)/(Zeatin)/(KIN). The maximum in vitro response of shooting frequency of explants (88.1%) and shoots per explant (42) was achieved with medium containing 1.0mg/L BAP. Multiple shoot culture was established by repeated subculturing of the shoot buds of axillary meristems on shoot multiplication medium. Among the subculture media BAP in combination with 1.5mg/L (IAA)+0.25mg/L(GA3) produced maximum shoots per explant (128±0.29) after two weeks of culture. Effective in vitro shoot elongation and rooting was achieved on 1.0mg/L(GA3) and 1.0mg/L(IBA), respectively. Most of the generated shoots were successfully transferred to soil under field conditions. The survival percentage of the transferred plants on soil was found to be 90 per cent.  This protocol can be used for commercial propagation and for future genetic improvement studies.

Pathways for inflorescence and floral induction in Antirrhinum

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1535-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bradley ◽  
C. Vincent ◽  
R. Carpenter ◽  
E. Coen
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Axillary Meristem ◽  
The Third ◽  
Axillary Meristems ◽  
Meristem Identity ◽  
Short Internodes ◽  
Dependent Pathway ◽  
Subtending Leaves

The presentation of flowers on a modified stem, the inflorescence, requires the integration of several aspects of meristem behaviour. In Antirrhinum, the inflorescence can be distinguished by its flowers, hairy stem, modified leaves, short internodes and spiral phyllotaxy. We show, by a combination of physiological, genetical and morphological analysis, that the various aspects of the inflorescence are controlled by three pathways. The first pathway, depends on expression of the floricaula gene, and is rapidly and discretely induced by exposure to long daylength. Activation of this pathway occurs in very young axillary meristems, resulting in a floral identity. In addition, the length of subtending leaves and hairiness of the stem are partially modified. The second pathway affects leaf size, internode length, and stem hairiness, but does not confer floral meristem identity. This pathway is induced by long daylength, but not as rapidly or discretely as the floricaula-dependent pathway. The third pathway controls the switch in phyllotaxy from decussate to spiral and is activated independently of daylength. The coordination of these three programmes ensures that apical and axillary meristem behaviour is integrated.

scholarly journals The barren stalk2 Gene Is Required for Axillary Meristem Development in Maize

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Yao ◽  
Andrea Skirpan ◽  
Brian Wardell ◽  
Michaela S. Matthes ◽  
Norman B. Best ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axillary Meristem ◽  
Meristem Development

scholarly journals Xenopus gpx3 Mediates Posterior Development by Regulating Cell Death during Embryogenesis

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1265
Author(s):  
Hongchan Lee ◽  
Tayaba Ismail ◽  
Youni Kim ◽  
Shinhyeok Chae ◽  
Hong-Yeoul Ryu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Peroxidase Mimic ◽  
Tail Region ◽  
Stage Of Development

Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family of selenoproteins and is a key antioxidant enzyme in multicellular organisms against oxidative damage. Downregulation of GPx3 affects tumor progression and metastasis and is associated with liver and heart disease. However, the physiological significance of GPx3 in vertebrate embryonic development remains poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate the functional roles of gpx3 during embryogenesis. To this end, we determined gpx3’s spatiotemporal expression using Xenopus laevis as a model organism. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we demonstrated the zygotic nature of this gene. Interestingly, the expression of gpx3 enhanced during the tailbud stage of development, and whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) analysis revealed gpx3 localization in prospective tail region of developing embryo. gpx3 knockdown using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) resulted in short post-anal tails, and these malformed tails were significantly rescued by glutathione peroxidase mimic ebselen. The gene expression analysis indicated that gpx3 knockdown significantly altered the expression of genes associated with Wnt, Notch, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways involved in tailbud development. Moreover, RNA sequencing identified that gpx3 plays a role in regulation of cell death in the developing embryo. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and phospho-histone 3 (PH3) staining confirmed the association of gpx3 knockdown with increased cell death and decreased cell proliferation in tail region of developing embryos, establishing the involvement of gpx3 in tailbud development by regulating the cell death. Furthermore, these findings are inter-related with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in gpx3 knockdown embryos, as measured by using a redox-sensitive fluorescent probe HyPer. Taken together, our results suggest that gpx3 plays a critical role in posterior embryonic development by regulating cell death and proliferation during vertebrate embryogenesis.

scholarly journals Class I KNOX Gene OSH1 is Indispensable for Axillary Meristem Development in Rice

CYTOLOGIA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wakana Tanaka ◽  
Katsutoshi Tsuda ◽  
Hiro-Yuki Hirano
Keyword(s):  
Class I ◽  
Axillary Meristem ◽  
Knox Gene ◽  
Meristem Development

scholarly journals Axillary Meristem Development. Budding Relationships between Networks Controlling Flowering, Branching, and Photoperiod Responsiveness

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 927-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A. Beveridge ◽  
James L. Weller ◽  
Susan R. Singer ◽  
Julie M.I. Hofer
Keyword(s):  
Axillary Meristem ◽  
Meristem Development
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