Proneural genes influence gliogenesis in Drosophila

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Giangrande
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Sensory Organ ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Genetic Pathway ◽  
Organ Differentiation

Fly glial cells in the wing peripheral nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster originate from underlying epithelial cells. Two findings indicate that gliogenesis is closely associated with neurogenesis. First, it only occurs in regions that also give rise to sensory organs. Second, in mutants that induce the development of ectopic sensory organs glial cells develop at new positions. These findings prompted a genetic analysis to establish whether glial and sensory organ differentiation depend on the same genes. Loss of function mutations of the achaete-scute complex lead to a significant reduction of sensory bristles and glial cells. Genes within the complex affect gliogenesis with different strength and display some functional redundancy. Thus, neurogenesis and gliogenesis share the same genetic pathway. Despite these similarities, however, the mechanism of action of the achaete-scute complex seems to be different in the two processes. Neural precursors express products of the complex, therefore the role of these genes on neurogenesis is direct. However, markers specific to glial cells do not colocalize with products of the achaete-scute complex, showing that the complex affects gliogenesis indirectly. These observations lead to the hypothesis that gliogenesis is induced by the presence of sensory organ cells, either the precursor or its progeny.

Some fly sensory organs are gliogenic and require glide/gcm in a precursor that divides symmetrically and produces glial cells

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (17) ◽  
pp. 3735-3743 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Van De Bor ◽  
R. Walther ◽  
A. Giangrande
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Sensory Organ ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Glial Precursor

In flies, the choice between neuronal and glial fates depends on the asymmetric division of multipotent precursors, the neuroglioblast of the central nervous system and the IIb precursor of the sensory organ lineage. In the central nervous system, the choice between the two fates requires asymmetric distribution of the glial cell deficient/glial cell missing (glide/gcm) RNA in the neuroglioblast. Preferential accumulation of the transcript in one of the daughter cells results in the activation of the glial fate in that cell, which becomes a glial precursor. Here we show that glide/gcm is necessary to induce glial differentiation in the peripheral nervous system. We also present evidence that glide/gcm RNA is not necessary to induce the fate choice in the peripheral multipotent precursor. Indeed, glide/gcm RNA and protein are first detected in one daughter of IIb but not in IIb itself. Thus, glide/gcm is required in both central and peripheral glial cells, but its regulation is context dependent. Strikingly, we have found that only subsets of sensory organs are gliogenic and express glide/gcm. The ability to produce glial cells depends on fixed, lineage related, cues and not on stochastic decisions. Finally, we show that after glide/gcm expression has ceased, the IIb daughter migrates and divides symmetrically to produce several mature glial cells. Thus, the glide/gcm-expressing cell, also called the fifth cell of the sensory organ, is indeed a glial precursor. This is the first reported case of symmetric division in the sensory organ lineage. These data indicate that the organization of the fly peripheral nervous system is more complex than previously thought.

scholarly journals On the Role of Glial Cells in the Mammalian Nervous System

1974 ◽  
Vol 249 (6) ◽  
pp. 1769-1780
Author(s):  
Bruce K. Schrier ◽  
Edward J. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells

scholarly journals A Gain-of-Function Screen for Genes That Affect the Development of the Drosophila Adult External Sensory Organ

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 733-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried ◽  
Yee-Ming Chan ◽  
Chaoyang Zeng ◽  
Nicholas J Justice ◽  
Susan Younger-Shepherd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
P Element ◽  
External Support ◽  
Sensory Organ ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Gain Of Function ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Single Precursor

Abstract The Drosophila adult external sensory organ, comprising a neuron and its support cells, is derived from a single precursor cell via several asymmetric cell divisions. To identify molecules involved in sensory organ development, we conducted a tissue-specific gain-of-function screen. We screened 2293 independent P-element lines established by P. Rørth and identified 105 lines, carrying insertions at 78 distinct loci, that produced misexpression phenotypes with changes in number, fate, or morphology of cells of the adult external sensory organ. On the basis of the gain-of-function phenotypes of both internal and external support cells, we subdivided the candidate lines into three classes. The first class (52 lines, 40 loci) exhibits partial or complete loss of adult external sensory organs. The second class (38 lines, 28 loci) is associated with increased numbers of entire adult external sensory organs or subsets of sensory organ cells. The third class (15 lines, 10 loci) results in potential cell fate transformations. Genetic and molecular characterization of these candidate lines reveals that some loci identified in this screen correspond to genes known to function in the formation of the peripheral nervous system, such as big brain, extra macrochaetae, and numb. Also emerging from the screen are a large group of previously uncharacterized genes and several known genes that have not yet been implicated in the development of the peripheral nervous system.

scholarly journals Insights Into the Role of CSF1R in the Central Nervous System and Neurological Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Banglian Hu ◽  
Shengshun Duan ◽  
Ziwei Wang ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Yuhang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Axonal Spheroids ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stimulating Factor

The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a key tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptor modulating microglial homeostasis, neurogenesis, and neuronal survival in the central nervous system (CNS). CSF1R, which can be proteolytically cleaved into a soluble ectodomain and an intracellular protein fragment, supports the survival of myeloid cells upon activation by two ligands, colony stimulating factor 1 and interleukin 34. CSF1R loss-of-function mutations are the major cause of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) and its dysfunction has also been implicated in other neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we review the physiological functions of CSF1R in the CNS and its pathological effects in neurological disorders including ALSP, AD, frontotemporal dementia and multiple sclerosis. Understanding the pathophysiology of CSF1R is critical for developing targeted therapies for related neurological diseases.

Glial Cells and Pro-inflammatory Cytokines as Shared Neurobiological Bases for Chronic Pain and Psychiatric Disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-49
Author(s):  
Judith A. Strong ◽  
Sang Won Jeon ◽  
Jun-Ming Zhang ◽  
Yong-Ku Kim
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

This chapter reviews the roles of cytokines and glial cells in chronic pain and in psychiatric disorders, especially depression. One important role of cytokines is in communicating between activated glia and neurons, at all levels of the nervous system. This process of neuroinflammation plays important roles in pain and depression. Cytokines may also directly regulate neuronal excitability. Many cytokines have been implicated in both pain and psychiatric disorders, including interleukin-1β‎ (IL-1β‎), tumor necrosis factor-α‎, and IL-6. More generally, an imbalance between type 1, pro-inflammatory cytokines and type 2, anti-inflammatory cytokines has been implicated in both pain and psychiatric disorders. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system can contribute to both pain and psychiatric disorders, in part through its actions on inflammation and the cytokine profile.

scholarly journals sli is required for proper morphology and migration of sensory neurons in the Drosophila PNS

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madison Gonsior ◽  
Afshan Ismat
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Neuron Development ◽  
Guidance Cues ◽  
And Migration

Abstract Neurons and glial cells coordinate with each other in many different aspects of nervous system development. Both types of cells are receiving multiple guidance cues to guide the neurons and glial cells to their proper final position. The lateral chordotonal organs (lch5) of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) are composed of five sensory neurons surrounded by four different glial cells, scolopale cells, cap cells, attachment cells and ligament cells. During embryogenesis, the lch5 neurons go through a rotation and ventral migration to reach their final position in the lateral region of the abdomen. We show here that the extracellular ligand sli is required for the proper ventral migration and morphology of the lch5 neurons. We further show that mutations in the Sli receptors Robo and Robo2 also display similar defects as loss of sli, suggesting a role for Slit-Robo signaling in lch5 migration and positioning. Additionally, we demonstrate that the scolopale, cap and attachment cells follow the mis-migrated lch5 neurons in sli mutants, while the ventral stretching of the ligament cells seems to be independent of the lch5 neurons. This study sheds light on the role of Slit-Robo signaling in sensory neuron development.

scholarly journals Drosophila Zic family member odd-paired is needed for adult post-ecdysis maturation

Open Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 190245
Author(s):  
Eléanor Simon ◽  
Sergio Fernández de la Puebla ◽  
Isabel Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Functional Conservation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Behavioural Sequence

Specific neuropeptides regulate in arthropods the shedding of the old cuticle (ecdysis) followed by maturation of the new cuticle. In Drosophila melanogaster , the last ecdysis occurs at eclosion from the pupal case, with a post-eclosion behavioural sequence that leads to wing extension, cuticle stretching and tanning. These events are highly stereotyped and are controlled by a subset of crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) neurons through the expression of the neuropeptide Bursicon (Burs). We have studied the role of the transcription factor Odd-paired (Opa) during the post-eclosion period. We report that opa is expressed in the CCAP neurons of the central nervous system during various steps of the ecdysis process and in peripheral CCAP neurons innerving the larval muscles involved in adult ecdysis. We show that its downregulation alters Burs expression in the CCAP neurons. Ectopic expression of Opa, or the vertebrate homologue Zic2 , in the CCAP neurons also affects Burs expression, indicating an evolutionary functional conservation. Finally, our results show that, independently of its role in Burs regulation, Opa prevents death of CCAP neurons during larval development.

scholarly journals Role of the DSC1 Channel in Regulating Neuronal Excitability in Drosophila melanogaster: Extending Nervous System Stability under Stress

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e1003327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianxiang Zhang ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Lingxin Wang ◽  
Ningguang Luo ◽  
Lan Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
System Stability

The Ferrier Lecture - Neuroglial cells: physiological properties and a potassium mediated effect of neuronal activity on the glial membrane potential

1967 ◽  
Vol 168 (1010) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
Glial Membrane ◽  
Separate Class

Neuroglial cells constitute a separate class of cells in the nervous system; they have been studied intensively since their original description by Virchow in 1846. As a rule anatomists find no difficulty in recognizing them by their staining properties, their shape and configuration as well as by their characteristic location between and around neurons. Electron microscopy has in recent years added much important subcellular detail and has shown how intermingled neurons and glial cells are, being separated from each other by narrow clefts 100 to 200 Å wide (figures 1 A, B and 5, plates 1, 2 and 4). These studies have not changed the well-established grouping of mammalian glial cells into two main classes, the oligodendrocytes and the astrocytes . It is customary to state that glial cells outnumber neurons by 10 to 1 in the vertebrate nervous sytem. They are, however, smaller and according to some rough estimates they make up as much as 50% of the volume of mammalian brains. That glial cells differ significantly from neurons was clear from the beginning because they do not possess axons and, unlike mammalian neurons, they retain their ability to divide throughout life. The possible role of the large mass of glial cells in our nervous system has been of continued interest. During the past decade this interest in the physiology of neuroglia has been reinforced, largely under the stimulus of electron-microscopic and chemical studies of the nervous system. Among the numerous recent reviews and symposia only a few will be mentioned (Windle 1958; Nakai 1963; Mugnaini & Walberg 1964). The recent studies of the physiology of neuroglial cells have been reviewed by Kufller & Nicholls (1966) and a biblio­graphy on neuroglia has been compiled by Little & Morris (1965).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document