Evidence for a mitogenic effect of Wnt-1 in the developing mammalian central nervous system

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1453-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Dickinson ◽  
R. Krumlauf ◽  
A.P. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Mitogenic Effect ◽  
Mammalian Central Nervous System ◽  
Number Of Cells

The analysis of mutant alleles at the Wnt-1 locus has demonstrated that Wnt-1-mediated cell signalling plays a critical role in development of distinct regions of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS). To determine how these signals participate in the formation of the CNS, we have ectopically expressed this factor in the spinal cord under the control of the Hoxb-4 Region A enhancer. Ectopic Wnt-1 expression causes a dramatic increase in the number of cells undergoing mitosis in the ventricular region and a concomitant ventricular expansion. Although this leads to consistent changes in the relative proportions of dorsal and ventral regions, Wnt-1 does not appear to act as a primary patterning signal. Rather, our experiments indicate that Wnt-1 can act as a mitogen in the developing CNS.

scholarly journals HEME OXYGENASE-2 NEURONS BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD OF HUMAN

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Chertok ◽  
A. E. Kotsyuba ◽  
E. P. Kotsyuba
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Heme Oxygenase ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Number Of Cells

Immune localization of heme oxygenase-2 in neurons of some nuclei of the spinal cord and brain stem in 6 men 18–44 years old who died from causes unrelated to injury of central nervous system was studied. Neurons with positive reaction are determined for all studied regions of the brain where their contents in various nuclei ranging from 0,5 to 16% of the total number of cells detected by methylene blue. In all the sensory nuclei there is a high proportion of small neurons with a high or moderate density of reaction produc deposits. Large cells of motor nuclei often exhibit negative or low intensive enzyme reaction. 

scholarly journals Extravascular CX3CR1+Cells Extend Intravascular Dendritic Processes into Intact Central Nervous System Vessel Lumen

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 778-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah S. Barkauskas ◽  
Teresa A. Evans ◽  
Jay Myers ◽  
Agne Petrosiute ◽  
Jerry Silver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Direct Access

AbstractWithin the central nervous system (CNS), antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a critical role in orchestrating inflammatory responses where they present CNS-derived antigens to immune cells that are recruited from the circulation to the cerebrospinal fluid, parenchyma, and perivascular space. Available data indicate that APCs do so indirectly from outside of CNS vessels without direct access to luminal contents. Here, we applied high-resolution, dynamic intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy to directly visualize extravascular CX3CR1+APC behavior deep within undisrupted CNS tissues in two distinct anatomical sites under three different inflammatory stimuli. Surprisingly, we observed that CNS-resident APCs dynamically extend their cellular processes across an intact vessel wall into the vascular lumen with preservation of vessel integrity. While only a small number of APCs displayed intravascular extensions in intact, noninflamed vessels in the brain and the spinal cord, the frequency of projections increased over days in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, whereas the number of projections remained stable compared to baseline days after tissue injury such as CNS tumor infiltration and aseptic spinal cord trauma. Our observation of this unique behavior by parenchyma CX3CR1+cells in the CNS argues for further exploration into their functional role in antigen sampling and immune cell recruitment.

scholarly journals Updates and challenges of axon regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Qian ◽  
Feng-Quan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Axon Growth ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Regeneration Ability ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Mammalian Central Nervous System ◽  
Cord Injury

Abstract Axon regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) has been a long-standing and highly challenging issue. Successful CNS axon regeneration will benefit many human diseases involving axonal damage, such as spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, glaucoma, and neurodegenerative diseases. The current consensus is that the diminished intrinsic regenerative ability in mature CNS neurons and the presence of extrinsic inhibitors blocking axon regrowth are two major barriers for axon regeneration. During the past decade, studies targeting the intrinsic axon growth ability via regulation of gene transcription have produced very promising results in optic nerve and/or spinal cord regeneration. Manipulations of various signaling pathways or the nuclear transcription factors directly have been shown to sufficiently drive CNS axon regrowth. Converging evidence reveals that some pro-regenerative transcriptomic states, which are commonly accomplished by more comprehensive epigenetic regulations, exist to orchestrate the complex tasks of injury sensing and axon regeneration. Moreover, genetic reprogramming achieved via transcriptome and epigenome modifications provides novel mechanisms for enhancing axon regeneration. Recent studies also highlighted the important roles of remodeling neuronal cytoskeleton in overcoming the extrinsic inhibitory cues. However, our knowledge about the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which neurons regulate their intrinsic axon regeneration ability and response to extrinsic inhibitory cues is still fragmented. Here, we provide an update about recent research progress in axon regeneration and discuss major remaining challenges for long-distance axon regeneration and the subsequent functional recovery.

scholarly journals Distribution of glutamine synthetase in the rat central nervous system.

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 756-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D Norenberg
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei

The results of a light microscopic immunohistochemical study of glutamine synthetase in rat nervous system are presented. In all sites studied the enzyme was confined to astrocytes. Except for trace amounts in ependymal cells, the enzyme was not observed in other cells of the nervous system including neurons, choroid plexus, third ventricular tanycytes, subependymal cells and mesodermally-derived elements. The intensity of astrocyte staining varied in different regions with the greatest degree noted in the hippocampus and cerebellar cortex while the least was noted in brain stem, deep cerebellar nuclei and spinal cord. The glutamine synthetase content correlated well with sites of suspected glutamergic activity in keeping with the view of a critical role of astrocytes in the regulation of the putative neurotransmitter glutamic acid.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

METABOLIC STUDIES WITH 131I-LABELED THYROXINE. II.

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grinberg
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tentative Explanation

ABSTRACT Radiologically thyroidectomized female Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with 131I-labeled thyroxine (T4*), and were studied at time intervals of 30 minutes and 4, 28, 48 and 72 hours after injection, 10 mice for each time interval. The organs of the central nervous system and the pituitary glands were chromatographed, and likewise serum from the same animal. The chromatographic studies revealed a compound with the same mobility as 131I-labeled triiodothyronine in the organs of the CNS and in the pituitary gland, but this compound was not present in the serum. In most of the chromatographic studies, the peaks for I, T4 and T3 coincided with those for the standards. In several instances, however, such an exact coincidence was lacking. A tentative explanation for the presence of T3* in the pituitary gland following the injection of T4* is a deiodinating system in the pituitary gland or else the capacity of the pituitary gland to concentrate T3* formed in other organs. The presence of T3* is apparently a characteristic of most of the CNS (brain, midbrain, medulla and spinal cord); but in the case of the optic nerve, the compound is not present under the conditions of this study.

Bioelectrodes for Neural Prostheses

1985 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Terry Hambrecht
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Neural Prostheses ◽  
The Future ◽  
Spinal Cord Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Auditory Prostheses

ABSTRACTNeural prostheses which are commercially available include cochlear implants for treating certain forms of deafness and urinary bladder evacuation prostheses for individuals with spinal cord disorders. In the future we can anticipate improvements in bioelectrodes and biomaterials which should permit more sophisticated devices such as visual prostheses for the blind and auditory prostheses for the deaf based on microstimulation of the central nervous system.

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