Genetic analysis of the floral initiation process (FLIP) in Arabidopsis

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Schultz ◽  
G. W. Haughn
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Phase Switching ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Class A ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
Terminal Flower 1 ◽  
Class C

Within the Arabidopsis inflorescence, two distinct developmental phases exist. The early inflorescence phase is characterized by nodes bearing coflorescences and leaves, and the late inflorescence phase by nodes bearing flowers. Four genes, TERMINAL FLOWER 1, LEAFY, APETALA1 and APETALA2 are necessary to initiate the switch from formation of early to formation of late inflorescence nodes at the appropriate time. We have investigated the relative roles of these genes in development by isolating and characterizing new alleles of TERMINAL FLOWER 1, LEAFY and APETALA1, and by constructing double mutants to test gene interactions. We suggest that the TERMINAL FLOWER 1 gene product is part of a mechanism that controls the timing of phase- switching in Arabidopsis. We propose that this mechanism involves factor(s) whose activity changes in response to shoot development and environmental variation. TERMINAL FLOWER 1 influences phase transitions in Arabidopsis, and appears to regulate the timing of expression of LEAFY, APETALA1 and APETALA2. LEAFY, APETALA1 and APETALA2 have partially redundant functions in initiating the floral program. In the absence of any one of the three genes, there is a gradual transition from coflorescence to flower-like lateral shoots. This suggests that (1) LEAFY, APETALA1 and APETALA2 are required in combination to ensure that the floral program is initiated rapidly and completely and (2) in the absence of one of the three genes, the others are activated slowly in response to the mechanism controlling timing of phase switching. Besides their role in establishing the floral program, phenotypes of flower-like lateral shoots in mutant inflorescences suggest that all three, LEAFY, APETALA1 and APETALA2, influence expression of whorl identity genes. Loss of LEAFY results in decreased Class B gene expression, as well as altered expression patterns of Class A and Class C genes. In the absence of either APETALA2 or APETALA1, reproductive organs develop in the perianth whorls, suggesting that both genes should be considered Class A organ identity genes, restricting Class C gene expression to inner whorls.

The Oral Intake of Organic Germanium, Ge-132, Elevates α-Tocopherol Levels in the Plas-ma and Modulates Hepatic Gene Expression Profiles to Promote Immune Activation in Mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 0183-0195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Nakamura ◽  
Tomoya Takeda ◽  
Yoshihiko Tokuji
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Hepatic Gene Expression ◽  
Tocopherol Concentration ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Transfer Protein

The common water-soluble organic germanium compound poly-trans-[(2-carboxyethyl) germasesquioxane] (Ge-132) exhibits activities related to immune responses and antioxidant induction. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidative effect of dietary Ge-132 in the plasma of mice. Male ICR mice (seven mice per group) received an AIN-76 diet with 0.05 % Ge-132; three groups received the Ge-132-containing diet for 0, 1 or 4 days. The plasma alpha-tocopherol (α-tocopherol) concentration increased from 6.85 to 9.60 μg/ml after 4 days of Ge-132 intake (p < 0.05). We evaluated the changes in hepatic gene expression related to antioxidative activity as well as in the entire expression profile after one day of Ge-132 intake, using DNA microarray technology. We identified 1,220 genes with altered expression levels greater than 1.5-fold (increased or decreased) as a result of Ge-132 intake, and α-tocopherol transfer protein (Ttpa) gene expression was increased 1.62-fold. Immune activation was identified as the category with the most changes (containing 60 Gene Ontology (GO) term biological processes (BPs), 41 genes) via functional clustering analysis of altered gene expression. Ge-132 affected genes in clusters related to ATP production (22 GO term BPs, 21 genes), lipid metabolism (4 GO term BPs, 38 genes) and apoptosis (5 GO term BPs). Many GO term BPs containing these categories were significantly affected by the Ge-132 intake. Oral Ge-132 intake may therefore have increased plasma α-tocopherol levels by up-regulating α-tocopherol transfer protein (Ttpa) gene expression.

scholarly journals Some kinematics of halo coronal mass ejections

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Virendra Kumar Verma ◽  
Nishant Mittal ◽  
Ramesh Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
Solar Flares ◽  
Coronal Holes ◽  
Geomagnetic Disturbances ◽  
Class A ◽  
Heliospheric Physics ◽  
Class B ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Class C

AbstractWe present an investigation of halo coronal mass ejections (HCMEs) kinematics and other facts about the HCMEs. The study of HCMEs is very important because HCMEs are regarded as the main causes of heliospheric and geomagnetic disturbances. In this study, we have investigated 313 HCMEs observed during 1996-2012 by LASCO, coronal holes, and solar flares. We find that HCMEs are of two types: accelerated HCMEs and decelerated HCMEs. The mean space speed of HCMEs is 1283 km/s while the mean speed of decelerated HCMEs and accelerated HCMEs is 1349 km/s and 1174 km/s, respectively. The investigation shows that 1 (0.3%) HCME was associated with class A SXR, 14 (4.7%) HCMEs were associated with class B SXR-flares, 87 (29.4%) HCMEs were associated with class C SXR-flares, 125 (42.2%) HCMEs were associated with class M SXR-flares and 69 (23.3%) HCMEs were associated with class X SXR-flares. The speed of HCMEs increases with the importance of solar SXR-flares. The various results obtained in the present analysis are discussed in the light of the existing scenario of heliospheric physics.

scholarly journals Macromolecule biosynthesis: a key function of sleep

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslaw Mackiewicz ◽  
Keith R. Shockley ◽  
Micah A. Romer ◽  
Raymond J. Galante ◽  
John E. Zimmerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
State Level ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Mouse Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Function Of Sleep ◽  
Cellular Components

The function(s) of sleep remains a major unanswered question in biology. We assessed changes in gene expression in the mouse cerebral cortex and hypothalamus following different durations of sleep and periods of sleep deprivation. There were significant differences in gene expression between behavioral states; we identified 3,988 genes in the cerebral cortex and 823 genes in the hypothalamus with altered expression patterns between sleep and sleep deprivation. Changes in the steady-state level of transcripts for various genes are remarkably common during sleep, as 2,090 genes in the cerebral cortex and 409 genes in the hypothalamus were defined as sleep specific and changed (increased or decreased) their expression during sleep. The largest categories of overrepresented genes increasing expression with sleep were those involved in biosynthesis and transport. In both the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus, during sleep there was upregulation of multiple genes encoding various enzymes involved in cholesterol synthesis, as well as proteins for lipid transport. There was also upregulation during sleep of genes involved in synthesis of proteins, heme, and maintenance of vesicle pools, as well as antioxidant enzymes and genes encoding proteins of energy-regulating pathways. We postulate that during sleep there is a rebuilding of multiple key cellular components in preparation for subsequent wakefulness.

A 3-tier classification of cerebral arteriovenous malformations

2011 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 842-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Spetzler ◽  
Francisco A. Ponce
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Outcomes ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Class A ◽  
Tier System ◽  
Class B ◽  
Class C

Object The authors propose a 3-tier classification for cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The classification is based on the original 5-tier Spetzler-Martin grading system, and reflects the treatment paradigm for these lesions. The implications of this modification in the literature are explored. Methods Class A combines Grades I and II AVMs, Class B are Grade III AVMs, and Class C combines Grades IV and V AVMs. Recommended management is surgery for Class A AVMs, multimodality treatment for Class B, and observation for Class C, with exceptions to the latter including recurrent hemorrhages and progressive neurological deficits. To evaluate whether combining grades is warranted from the perspective of surgical outcomes, the 3-tier system was applied to 1476 patients from 7 surgical series in which results were stratified according to Spetzler-Martin grades. Results Pairwise comparisons of individual Spetzler-Martin grades in the series analyzed showed the fewest significant differences (p < 0.05) in outcomes between Grades I and II AVMs and between Grades IV and V AVMs. In the pooled data analysis, significant differences in outcomes were found between all grades except IV and V (p = 0.38), and the lowest relative risks were found between Grades I and II (1.066) and between Grades IV and V (1.095). Using the pooled data, the predictive accuracies for surgical outcomes of the 5-tier and 3-tier systems were equivalent (receiver operating characteristic curve area 0.711 and 0.713, respectively). Conclusions Combining Grades I and II AVMs and combining Grades IV and V AVMs is justified in part because the differences in surgical results between these respective pairs are small. The proposed 3-tier classification of AVMs offers simplification of the Spetzler-Martin system, provides a guide to treatment, and is predictive of outcome. The revised classification not only simplifies treatment recommendations; by placing patients into 3 as opposed to 5 groups, statistical power is markedly increased for series comparisons.

scholarly journals Involvement of microRNA in Solid Cancer: Role and Regulatory Mechanisms

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Ying-Chin Lin ◽  
Tso-Hsiao Chen ◽  
Yu-Min Huang ◽  
Po-Li Wei ◽  
Jung-Chun Lin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Transcriptional Factor ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Solid Cancer ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Human Malignancy ◽  
Regulated Expression ◽  
Pivotal Mechanism

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as the post-transcriptional factor that finetunes the gene expression by targeting to the specific candidate. Mis-regulated expression of miRNAs consequently disturbs gene expression profile, which serves as the pivotal mechanism involved in initiation or progression of human malignancy. Cancer-relevant miRNA is potentially considered the therapeutic target or biomarker toward the precise treatment of cancer. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanism underlying the altered expression of miRNA in cancer is largely uncovered. Detailed knowledge regarding the influence of miRNAs on solid cancer is critical for exploring its potential of clinical application. Herein, we elucidate the regulatory mechanism regarding how miRNA expression is manipulated and its impact on the pathogenesis of distinct solid cancer.

scholarly journals A member of the TERMINAL FLOWER 1/CENTRORADIALIS gene family controls sprout growth in potato tubers

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 835-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne L Morris ◽  
M Carmen Alamar ◽  
Rosa M Lopez-Cobollo ◽  
Javier Castillo Cañete ◽  
Mark Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Terminal Flower 1 ◽  
Sprout Growth

scholarly journals Altered regulation of TERMINAL FLOWER 1 causes the unique vernalisation response in an arctic woodland strawberry accession

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (3) ◽  
pp. 841-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elli A. Koskela ◽  
Takeshi Kurokura ◽  
Tuomas Toivainen ◽  
Anita Sønsteby ◽  
Ola M. Heide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Woodland Strawberry ◽  
Terminal Flower 1 ◽  
Altered Regulation

scholarly journals Neuropathologic Examination in Sudden Unexpected Deaths in Infancy and Childhood: Recommendations for Highest Diagnostic Yield and Cost-Effectiveness in Forensic Settings

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca D. Folkerth ◽  
Jacqueline Nunez ◽  
Zhanna Georgievskaya ◽  
Declan McGuone
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Sinus Thrombosis ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Febrile Seizures ◽  
Manner Of Death ◽  
Final Cause ◽  
Class A ◽  
Class B ◽  
Class C ◽  
Walker Malformation

In infants and toddlers (less than four years of age), determination of cause and manner of death often requires a complete autopsy. Few evidence-based guidelines exist regarding optimum nervous system sectioning in this population. Over a six-month interval and using a comprehensive section protocol, we categorized cases having neuropathological findings that were critical (Class A), contributory (Class B), or noncontributory (Class C) to the final cause and manner of death. We further evaluated which sections helped make this determination. Among 53 cases (44 infants, 9 toddlers; 26 girls, 27 boys), Class A neuropathology was noted in nine (16.9%). Seven infants had meningoencephalitis (2/7, 28.6%), craniospinal trauma (3/7, 42.8%), brainstem necrosis suggesting Leigh Disease (1/7, 14.3%), and hydrocephalus in Dandy-Walker malformation (1/7, 14.3%); two toddlers had inflicted craniospinal trauma (2/2, 100%). Class B factors were identified in 11/53 (20.8%), including recent hypoxic-ischemic lesions (2/11, 18.2%), meningitis or dural venous sinus thrombosis in systemic sepsis (2/11, 18.2%), multicystic encephalopathy following peripartum asphyxia (2/11, 18.2%), and microcephaly and delayed myelination (Cri-du-Chat Syndrome) (1/11, 9.09%). Class B also included three toddlers (3/11, 27.2%) with features of hippocampal dysgenesis, two in the setting of febrile seizures. Class C comprised normal brains (3/53, 5.7%), and those with findings of uncertain significance, such as white matter and brainstem gliosis (30/53, 56.6%). The sections most valuable for detection of relevant pathology, and thus recommended for routine sampling, were: 1) bilateral hippocampus; 2) cerebral cortex and leptomeninges; and 3) pons or medulla.

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