Staging of gastrulating mouse embryos by morphological landmarks in the dissecting microscope

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 1255-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Downs ◽  
T. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Reichert's Membrane

We describe and illustrate a set of morphological landmarks for classifying mouse embryos by gross morphology from before gastrulation to the beginning of organogenesis. These landmarks are visible at the resolution of the dissecting microscope in embryos that are intact except for reflexion of Reichert's membrane. Adoption of these criteria should facilitate interpretation of both the expression patterns of genes and the consequences of experimental manipulation of embryos during early postimplantation development.

scholarly journals PML Regulates the Epidermal Differentiation Complex and Skin Morphogenesis during Mouse Embryogenesis

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1130
Author(s):  
Anna Połeć ◽  
Alexander D. Rowe ◽  
Pernille Blicher ◽  
Rajikala Suganthan ◽  
Magnar Bjørås ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Wild Type Mouse ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Epidermal Differentiation ◽  
Envelope Gene ◽  
Epidermal Differentiation Complex

The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein is an essential component of nuclear compartments called PML bodies. This protein participates in several cellular processes, including growth control, senescence, apoptosis, and differentiation. Previous studies have suggested that PML regulates gene expression at a subset of loci through a function in chromatin remodeling. Here we have studied global gene expression patterns in mouse embryonic skin derived from Pml depleted and wild type mouse embryos. Differential gene expression analysis at different developmental stages revealed a key role of PML in regulating genes involved in epidermal stratification. In particular, we observed dysregulation of the late cornified envelope gene cluster, which is a sub-region of the epidermal differentiation complex. In agreement with these data, PML body numbers are elevated in basal keratinocytes during embryogenesis, and we observed reduced epidermal thickness and defective hair follicle development in PML depleted mouse embryos.

scholarly journals ELF-2, a new member of the Eph ligand family, is segmentally expressed in mouse embryos in the region of the hindbrain and newly forming somites.

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 4921-4929 ◽  
Author(s):  
A D Bergemann ◽  
H J Cheng ◽  
R Brambilla ◽  
R Klein ◽  
J G Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Dissociation Constants ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Eph Receptors ◽  
Vertebrate Development ◽  
Orphan Receptors ◽  
Free System ◽  
A Cell

The Eph receptors are the largest known family of receptor tyrosine kinases and are notable for distinctive expression patterns in the nervous system and in early vertebrate development. However, all were identified as orphan receptors, and only recently have there been descriptions of a corresponding family of ligands. We describe here a new member of the Eph ligand family, designated ELF-2 (Eph ligand family 2). The cDNA sequence for mouse ELF-2 indicates that it is a transmembrane ligand. It shows closest homology to the other known transmembrane ligand in the family, ELK-L/LERK-2/Cek5-L, with 57% identity in the extracellular domain. There is also striking homology in the cytoplasmic domain, including complete identity of the last 33 amino acids, suggesting intracellular interactions. On cell surfaces, and in a cell-free system, ELF-2 binds to three closely related Eph family receptors, Elk, Cek10 (apparent ortholog of Sek-4 and HEK2), and Cek5 (apparent ortholog of Nuk/Sek-3), all with dissociation constants of approximately 1 nM. In situ hybridization of mouse embryos shows ELF-2 RNA expression in a segmental pattern in the hindbrain region and the segmenting mesoderm. Comparable patterns have been described for Eph family receptors, including Sek-4 and Nuk/Sek-3, suggesting roles for ELF-2 in patterning these regions of the embryo.

scholarly journals Developmental Expression of Magmas in Murine Tissues and Its Co-expression with the GM-CSF Receptor

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. Jubinsky ◽  
Mary K. Short ◽  
George Mutema ◽  
David P. Witte
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Myeloid Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Developmental Expression ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Myeloid Cell Line ◽  
Precise Role

Magmas is a protein that is involved in GM-CSF signaling in a myeloid cell line. Its precise role in the signal transduction process is unclear. To accurately characterize Magmas expression in a variety of cells, mouse embryos and adult murine tissues were analyzed for both mRNA and protein content. Magmas expression was detected as early as the day 6.5 embryo. The level of expression was developmentally regulated. During embryo-genesis, elevated Magmas was observed in several structures, including heart, liver, notochord, choroid plexus, cervical ganglion, and nasal mucosa. Muscle, pancreas, intestinal mucosa, and testes were among the adult tissues with high Magmas expression. Most cell types, including hepatocytes and skeletal, smooth, and cardiac myocytes, also expressed the GM-CSF receptor (GMR) but the relative tissue levels of GMR were not always proportional to Magmas. The expression patterns suggest that Magmas has a role in both developing and mature tissues.

72 HISTONE METHYLATION AND GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN PRE-IMPLANTATION EMBRYOS DERIVED FROM INTRA- AND INTER-SPECIES NUCLEAR TRANSFER

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
W. Shi ◽  
F. Yang ◽  
E. Wolf ◽  
V. Zakharchenko
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Histone Methylation ◽  
Methylation Level ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Rabbit Embryos

The differential epigenetic changes in embryos from different species provide a model to study how the nucleus from one species interacts with cytoplasm from another species. In this study we examined histone methylation at lysine 9 of histone 3 (K9H3) and lysine 20 of histone H4 (K20H4) and the expression levels of three early development-related genes (Oct-4, Hsp 70.1 and Hprt) in individual intra- and inter-species cloned and control embryos at the 1-, 2-, 4- and 8-cell stages. Mouse fetal fibroblast (MFF) nuclei were transferred into mouse, bovine, or rabbit oocytes. As control, we used in vivo derived (mouse and rabbit) or in vitro-produced (bovine) embryos. Histone methylation was detected by anti-MeK9H3 and anti-MeK20H4 antibodies. Gene expression analysis was performed using a quantitative RT-PCR technique (Daniels et al. 2000 Biol. Reprod. 63, 1034-1040). Data were analyzed by Student's t-test. No embryos from inter-species cloning (MFF-bovine and MFF-rabbit) survived beyond the 8-12 cell stage. MFF-mouse and MFF-bovine embryos exhibited demethylation of K9H3 and K20H4 at the 2-cell stage and the methylation level was increased at the 4-cell stage, but no demethylation was observed at the 2-cell stage of MFF-rabbit embryos and the methylation level in these embryos was significantly higher than that of in vivo rabbit embryos. The level of Oct-4 mRNA was low at the 1- and 2-cell stages of in vivo mouse embryos and increased at the 8-cell stage. No significant increase in Oct-4 transcript was detected at the 8-cell stage of inter-species cloned embryos. The expression of Hsp 70.1 in in vivo mouse embryos was increased at the 2-cell stage and decreased to a level similar to that in the zygote at the 8-cell stage. In cloned embryos, Hsp 70.1 transcripts were also increased at the 2-cell stage, but there was no significant decrease of Hsp70.1 mRNA abundance at the 8-cell stage of inter-species embryos as compared to the corresponding 2-cell stage. For MFF-mouse embryos, Hsp 70.1 expression was increased at the 2-cell stage, but at the 8-cell stage the transcript level was at the level similar to that in inter-species clones. Hprt expression was increased at the 8-cell stage of in vivo mouse embryos. The dynamic change of Hprt transcript in MFF-mouse embryos was not significantly different from that of in vivo mouse embryos, but no significant change of Hprt expression occurred in the development of MFF-bovine and MFF-rabbit embryos. Differential epigenetic characteristics of mouse somatic nucleus after transfer into oocytes from different species suggest the existence of incompatibilities of nuclear-cytoplasm interaction between distantly related species. This abnormal interaction at the time of genome activation may affect normal development. This work was supported by the Bayerische Forschungsstiftung and by Therapeutic Human Polyclonals, Inc.

171 THE EFFECT OF TRICHOSTATIN A ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN MOUSE EMBRYOS DEVELOPING IN VITRO

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
X. S. Cui ◽  
X. Y. Li ◽  
T. Kim ◽  
N.-H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Trichostatin A ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Stage

Trichostatin A (TSA) is an inhibitor of histone deacetylase and is able to alter gene expression patterns by interfering with the removal of acetyl groups from histones. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of TSA treatment on the development and gene expression patterns of mouse zygotes developing in vitro. The addition of 100 nm TSA to the culture medium did not affect the cleavage of mouse embryos (TSA treatment, 148/150 (99%) v. control, 107/107 (100%)); however, embryos that were treated with TSA arrested at the 2-cell stage (145/148, 98%). We estimated the number of nuclei in control and TSA-treated embryos by propidium iodide staining, taking into account the presence of any cells with two or more nuclei. At 62–63 h post-hCG stimulation, control zygotes had developed to the 4-cell stage and exhibited one nucleus in each blastomere, indicative of normal development. In contrast, we observed tetraploid nuclei in at least one blastomere in 20.8% (11/53) of the embryos that had been treated with TSA. At 28–29 h post-hCG stimulation (metaphase of the 1-cell stage), there was no difference in the mitotic index (as determined by analyzing the microtubule configuration) in the TSA group compared to the control group. At the 2-cell stage, however, we did not observe mitotic spindles and metaphase chromatin in embryos in the TSA treatment group compared to the controls. Interestingly, when embryos were cultured in TSA-free medium from 35 h post-hCG stimulation (S- or early G2-phase of the 2-cell stage) onward, almost all of them (47/50) developed to the blastocyst stage. In contrast, when embryos were cultured in TSA-free medium from 42 h post-hCG stimulation (middle G2-phase of the 2-cell stage) onward, they did not develop to the 4-cell stage. We used Illumina microarray technology to analyze the gene expression profiles in control and TSA-treated late 2-cell-stage embryos. Applied Biosystems Expression System software was used to extract assay signals and assay signal-to-noise ratio values from the microarray images. Our data showed that 897 genes were significantly (P < 0.05; 2-sample t-test) up- or down-regulated by TSA treatment compared to controls. Analysis using the PANTHER classification system (https://panther.appliedbiosystems.com) revealed that the 575 genes that were differentially expressed in the TSA group compared to the control were classified as being associated with putative biological processes or molecular function. Overall, in terms of putative biological processes, more nucleoside, nucleotide, and nucleic acid metabolism, protein metabolism and modification, signal transduction, developmental process, and cell cycle genes were differentially expressed between the TSA and control groups. In terms of putative molecular function, more nucleic acid-binding transcription factor and transferase genes were differentially expressed between the groups. The results collectively suggest that inhibition of histone acetylation in mouse embryos affects gene expression profiles at the time of zygotic genome activation, and this subsequently affects further development.

Characteristic Gene Expression Patterns in Somatically Cloned Mouse Embryos.

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (Suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 303-303
Author(s):  
Kimiko Inoue ◽  
Narumi Ogonuki ◽  
Hiromi Miki ◽  
Atsuo Ogura
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns

Relationship between Wnt-1 and En-2 expression domains during early development of normal and ectopic met-mesencephalon

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 999-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bally-Cuif ◽  
R.M. Alvarado-Mallart ◽  
D.K. Darnell ◽  
M. Wassef
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mouse Embryos ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Expression Domain ◽  
General Role ◽  
Maximal Expression

Grafting a met-mesencephalic portion of neural tube from a 9.5-day mouse embryo into the prosencephalon of a 2-day chick embryo results in the induction of chick En-2 (ChickEn) expression in cells in contact with the graft (Martinez et al., 1991). In this paper we investigate the possibility of Wnt-1 being one of the factors involved in En-2 induction. Since Wnt-1 and En-2 expression patterns have been described as diverging during development of the met-mesencephalic region, we first compared Wnt-1 and En-2 expression in this domain by in situ hybridization in mouse embryos after embryonic day 8.5. A ring of Wnt-1-expressing cells is detected encircling the neural tube in the met-mesencephalic region at least until day 12.5. This ring consistently overlapped with the En-2 expression domain, and corresponds to the position of this latter gene's maximal expression. We subsequently studied ChickEn ectopic induction in chick embryos grafted with various portions of met-mesencephalon. When the graft originated from the level of the Wnt-1-positive ring, ChickEn induction was observed in 71% of embryos, and in these cases correlated with Wnt-1 expression in the grafted tissue. In contrast, this percentage dropped significantly when the graft was taken from more rostral or caudal parts of the mesencephalic vesicle. Taken together, these results are compatible with a prolonged role of Wnt-1 in the specification and/or development of the met-mesencephalic region, and show that Wnt-1 could be directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of En-2 expression around the Wnt-1-positive ring during this time. We also provide data on the position of the Wnt-1-positive ring relative to anatomical boundaries in the neural tube, which suggest a more general role for the Wnt-1 protein as a positional signal involved in organizing the met-mesencephalic domain.

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