Cell lineage of larval and imaginal thoracic anlagen cells of Drosophila melanogaster, as revealed by single-cell transplantations

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 1107-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Meise ◽  
W. Janning
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Lacz Gene ◽  
Gastrula Stage ◽  
Clone Size ◽  
Early Gastrula

We have analyzed the cell lineage of larval and imaginal cells in the thoracic ectoderm of the early embryo of Drosophila melanogaster, by homotopic transplantation of single cells in the region of 50–60% egg length. Single cells were isolated prior to transplantation in an in vitro solution. The donors were ‘enhancer-trap’ lines in which the nuclei of all larval and imaginal cells exhibit a uniformly intense expression of the lacZ gene of E. coli. The transplantations were carried out from the blastoderm to the early gastrula stage, as a rule immediately after the onset of gastrulation (stage 6). It was found that at this time the cells of the thoracic ectoderm are not yet committed to form larval or imaginal structures, as indicated by the presence of clones overlapping all structures formed by the thoracic ectoderm, i.e. the nervous system, the larval epidermis, the tracheae and the imaginal discs. The average size of pure epidermal clones was five cells. In clones overlapping either other larval tissues or imaginal discs, the average number of epidermal cells was between three and four. The mean relative clone size was 1/5 of the size of the total structure for leg imaginal discs and 1/7 for the wing imaginal disc. We therefore infer that the precursors for the leg discs and wing disc on one side together number 22 cells in the blastoderm or early gastrula stage. These cells eventually give rise not only to precursors of the imaginal discs but usually also to larval epidermal and nervous-system cells, because most of the imaginal disc clones (80%) overlap larval tissue. The transplantations were not precisely homotopic; the fact that up to 10 cells were removed from the donor essentially rules out exact homotopy between donor and host sites, because a segment anlage is only about three cells wide. Nevertheless, the clones developed completely normal tissue together with the recipient cells. Although the clones have the capacity to extend over different ectodermal tissues and can include both imaginal discs in a given segment, no clones were found that clearly crossed larval or imaginal segment boundaries. We propose a model in which the segregation of the cells that are to differentiate into the imaginal tissues does not occur until the second postblastodermal mitosis

Expression of N-CAM precedes neural induction in Pleurodeles waltl (urodele, amphibian)

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Saint-Jeannet ◽  
F. Foulquier ◽  
C. Goridis ◽  
A.M. Duprat
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Neural Induction ◽  
Gastrula Stage ◽  
Pleurodeles Waltl ◽  
Early Gastrula

The appearance and localization of N-CAM during neural induction were studied in Pleurodeles waltl embryos and compared with recent contradictory results reported in Xenopus laevis. A monoclonal antibody raised against mouse N-CAM was used. In the nervous system of Pleurodeles, it recognized two glycoproteins of 180 and 140×10(3) M(r) which are the Pleurodeles equivalent of N-CAM-180 and -140. Using this probe for immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry, we showed that N-CAM was already expressed in presumptive ectoderm at the early gastrula stage. In late gastrula embryos, a slight increase in staining was observed in the neurectoderm, whereas the labelling persisted in the noninduced ectoderm. When induced ectodermal cells were isolated at the late gastrula stage and cultured in vitro up to 14 days, a faint polarized labelling of cells was observed initially. During differentiation, the staining increased and became progressively restricted to differentiating neurons.

scholarly journals Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

10.3791/50150 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christof Rickert ◽  
Thomas Kunz ◽  
Kerri-Lee Harris ◽  
Paul Whitington ◽  
Gerhard Technau
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Pre-existing neuronal pathways in the leg imaginal discs of Drosophila

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tix ◽  
M. Bate ◽  
G.M. Technau
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Adult Cell ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

Injection of a cell lineage tracer (HRP) into Drosophila embryos before cellularization provides a way of selectively labelling cells at later stages that have undergone only a few mitoses. All cells born and differentiating during embryogenesis become labelled, whereas further proliferation and growth during postembryonic development causes an almost complete dilution of the marker in the adult cell complement. Early born neurons visualized in this way are good candidates for executing a pioneering function during postembryonic differentiation of the adult nervous system. In all three pairs of leg imaginal discs, a stereotyped set of larval sense organs becomes selectively labelled. Their axons fasciculate with a larval nerve, which connects the leg disc with the central nervous system. Larval sense organs are not present in the other imaginal discs. Larval neurons are not present in the transformed antennal discs of Antp 73B flies. Nonetheless adult axons successfully navigate to the base of these discs as they differentiate to form ectopic legs. We conclude that embryonically formed larval nerves are not essential for the guidance of adult axons within the leg discs.

scholarly journals The origin of postembryonic neuroblasts in the ventral nerve cord of Drosophila melanogaster

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Prokop ◽  
G.M. Technau
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Gastrula Stage ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Single Precursor ◽  
Early Gastrula

Embryonic and postembryonic neuroblasts in the thoracic ventral nerve cord of Drosophila melanogaster have the same origin. We have traced the development of threefold-labelled single precursor cells from the early gastrula stage to late larval stages. The technique allows in the same individual monitoring of progeny cells at embryonic stages (in vivo) and differentially staining embryonic and postembryonic progeny within the resulting neural clone at late postembryonic stages. The analysis reveals that postembryonic cells always appear together with embryonic cells in one clone. Furthermore, BrdU labelling suggests that the embryonic neuroblast itself rather than one of its progeny resumes proliferation as a postembryonic neuroblast. A second type of clone consists of embryonic progeny only.

scholarly journals Squeezing out in a “tug of war”: The role of myosin in neural stem cell delamination

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (5) ◽  
pp. 1215-1218
Author(s):  
Clara Sidor ◽  
Katja Röper
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Apical Constriction ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Neural stem cells or neuroblasts in the Drosophila melanogaster embryo delaminate as single cells from the embryonic epidermis to give rise to the nervous system. Using this accessible system to examine the molecular mechanisms of cell ingression at a high temporal and spatial resolution, in this issue, Simões et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201608038) reveal that myosin-driven anisotropic junction loss and apical constriction are the main drivers of this process.

A Drosophila rotund transcript expressed during spermatogenesis and imaginal disc morphogenesis encodes a protein which is similar to human Rac GTPase-activating (racGAP) proteins

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 5111-5122
Author(s):  
M Agnel ◽  
L Röder ◽  
C Vola ◽  
R Griffin-Shea
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Mutant Phenotype ◽  
Physical Characterization ◽  
Rac Gtpase

The rotund (rn) locus of Drosophila melanogaster at cytogenetic position 84D3,4 has been isolated and cloned on the basis of the mutant phenotype: an absence of structures in the subdistal regions of the appendages. The shortened appendages are the consequence of a localized cell death in the imaginal discs, precursors of the adult appendages. Physical characterization of the rn locus has demonstrated that it is relatively large, occupying a minimum of 50 kb. There are two major transcripts of 1.7 kb (m1.7) and 5.3 kb (m5.3). We present here the sequence analysis of m1.7 and its putative product, rnprot1.7, and show that rnprot1.7 is similar to the product of the human n-chimaerin gene, which is expressed in brain and testes. Recently, the GAP activity of n-chimaerin was demonstrated and shown to be specific for the Rac subfamily of the Ras oncoproteins. The Rac proteins have been implicated in the regulation of secretory processes. In addition to being expressed in the imaginal discs, the m1.7 racGAP transcript was detected in developmentally specific germ line cells of the testes, the primary spermatocytes.

scholarly journals A Drosophila rotund transcript expressed during spermatogenesis and imaginal disc morphogenesis encodes a protein which is similar to human Rac GTPase-activating (racGAP) proteins.

1992 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 5111-5122 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Agnel ◽  
L Röder ◽  
C Vola ◽  
R Griffin-Shea
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Mutant Phenotype ◽  
Physical Characterization ◽  
Rac Gtpase

The rotund (rn) locus of Drosophila melanogaster at cytogenetic position 84D3,4 has been isolated and cloned on the basis of the mutant phenotype: an absence of structures in the subdistal regions of the appendages. The shortened appendages are the consequence of a localized cell death in the imaginal discs, precursors of the adult appendages. Physical characterization of the rn locus has demonstrated that it is relatively large, occupying a minimum of 50 kb. There are two major transcripts of 1.7 kb (m1.7) and 5.3 kb (m5.3). We present here the sequence analysis of m1.7 and its putative product, rnprot1.7, and show that rnprot1.7 is similar to the product of the human n-chimaerin gene, which is expressed in brain and testes. Recently, the GAP activity of n-chimaerin was demonstrated and shown to be specific for the Rac subfamily of the Ras oncoproteins. The Rac proteins have been implicated in the regulation of secretory processes. In addition to being expressed in the imaginal discs, the m1.7 racGAP transcript was detected in developmentally specific germ line cells of the testes, the primary spermatocytes.

scholarly journals l(1)trol and l(1)devl, loci affecting the development of the adult central nervous system in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-537
Author(s):  
S Datta ◽  
D R Kankel
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Optic Lobes ◽  
Adult Central Nervous System ◽  
Final Assembly

Abstract Adult optic lobes of Drosophila melanogaster are composed of neurons specific to the adult which develop postembryonically. The structure of the optic lobes and aspects of its development have been described, and a number of mutants that affect its development have been identified. The focus of every screen to date has been on disruption of adult structure or function. Although these loci were originally identified on the basis of viable mutants, some have proven capable of giving rise to lethal alleles. It seems reasonable to assume that mutants which strongly affect development of the imaginal-specific central nervous system may evidence abnormalities during the late larval or pupal stages when the adult central nervous system is undergoing final assembly and might show a lethal phase prior to eclosion (as is true for mutations at the previously defined l(1)ogre locus). We have carried out the first screen of autosomal and sex-linked late larval and pupal lethals to identify mutations that affect the development of the optic lobes. Our screen yielded nine mutants that could tentatively be grouped into three classes, depending on the neuroblast population affected and imaginal disc phenotypes. Two of these, including one that is allelic to l(1)zw1, were chosen for further analysis.

scholarly journals The relaxin receptor Lgr3 mediates growth coordination and developmental delay during Drosophila melanogaster imaginal disc regeneration

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob S. Jaszczak ◽  
Jacob B. Wolpe ◽  
Rajan Bhandari ◽  
Rebecca G. Jaszczak ◽  
Adrian Halme
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Prothoracic Gland ◽  
Disc Regeneration ◽  
Relaxin Family ◽  
Dependent Growth ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Relaxin Receptor

Damage to Drosophila melanogaster imaginal discs activates a regeneration checkpoint that 1) extends larval development and 2) coordinates the regeneration of the damaged disc with the growth of undamaged discs. These two systemic responses to damage are both mediated by Dilp8, a member of the insulin/IGF/relaxin family of peptide hormones, which is released by regenerating imaginal discs. Growth coordination between regenerating and undamaged imaginal discs is dependent on Dilp8 activation of NOS in the prothoracic gland (PG), which slows the growth of undamaged discs by limiting ecdysone synthesis. Here we demonstrate that the Drosophila relaxin receptor homologue Lgr3, a leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor, is required for Dilp8-dependent growth coordination and developmental delay during the regeneration checkpoint. Lgr3 regulates these responses to damage via distinct mechanisms in different tissues. Using tissue-specific RNAi disruption of Lgr3 expression, we show that Lgr3 functions in the PG upstream of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and is necessary for NOS activation and growth coordination during the regeneration checkpoint. When Lgr3 is depleted from neurons, imaginal disc damage no longer produces either developmental delay or growth inhibition. To reconcile these discrete tissue requirements for Lgr3 during regenerative growth coordination, we demonstrate that Lgr3 activity in the both the CNS and PG is necessary for NOS activation in the PG following damage. Together, these results identify new roles for a relaxin receptor in mediating damage signaling to regulate growth and developmental timing.

scholarly journals Analysis in Drosophila melanogaster of the Interaction Between Sex Combs Reduced and Extradenticle Activity in the Determination of Tarsus and Arista Identity

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
Anthony Percival-Smith ◽  
Danielle J Hayden
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Nuclear Accumulation ◽  
Sex Combs Reduced ◽  
Sex Combs ◽  
Disc Cells

Abstract Sex Combs Reduced (SCR) activity is proposed to be required cell nonautonomously for determination of tarsus identity, and Extradenticle (EXD) activity is required cell autonomously for determination of arista identity. Using the ability of Proboscipedia to inhibit the SCR activity required for determination of tarsus identity, we found that loss-of-EXD activity is epistatic to loss-of-SCR activity in tarsus vs. arista determination. This suggests that in the sequence leading to arista determination SCR activity is OFF while EXD activity is ON, and in the sequence leading to tarsus determination SCR activity is ON, which turns EXD activity OFF. Immunolocalization of EXD in early third-instar larval imaginal discs reveals that EXD is localized in the nuclei of antennal imaginal disc cells and localized in the cytoplasm of distal imaginal leg disc cells. We propose that EXD localized to the nucleus suppresses tarsus determination and activates arista determination. We further propose that in the mesodermal adepithelial cells of the leg imaginal discs, SCR is required for the synthesis of a tarsus-inducer that when secreted acts on the ectoderm cells inhibiting nuclear accumulation of EXD, such that tarsus determination is no longer suppressed and arista determination is no longer activated.

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