Complex regulation of early paired expression: initial activation by gap genes and pattern modulation by pair-rule genes

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 609-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Gutjahr ◽  
E. Frei ◽  
M. Noll
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gap Genes ◽  
Segment Polarity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Initial Activation ◽  
Complex Regulation ◽  
Pattern Modulation ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Pair Rule

The paired gene is one of approximately 30 zygotic segmentation genes responsible for establishing the segmented body plan of Drosophila melanogaster. To gain insight into the mechanism by which the paired gene is expressed in a complex temporal and spatial pattern, we have examined paired protein expression in wild-type and mutant embryos. In wild-type embryos, paired protein is expressed in several phases. Initial expression in broad domains evolves into a pair-rule pattern of eight stripes during cellularization. Subsequently, a segment-polarity-like pattern of fourteen stripes emerges. Later, at mid-embryogenesis, paired is expressed in specific regions of the head and in specific cells of the central nervous system. Analysis of the initial paired expression in the primary pair-rule mutants even-skipped, runt and hairy, and in all gap mutants suggests that the products of the gap genes hunchback, Kruppel, knirps and giant activate paired expression in stripes. With the exception of stripe 1, which is activated by even-skipped, and stripe 8, which depends upon runt, the primary pair-rule proteins are required for subsequent modulation rather than activation of the paired stripes. The factors activating paired expression in the pair-rule mode appear to interact with those activating it along the dorsoventral axis.

scholarly journals Annotation of segmentation pathway genes in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri

Gigabyte ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Sherry Miller ◽  
Teresa D. Shippy ◽  
Prashant S. Hosmani ◽  
Mirella Flores-Gonzalez ◽  
Lukas A. Mueller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Segment Polarity Genes ◽  
Gap Genes ◽  
Segment Polarity ◽  
Protein Gradients ◽  
Pest Control Methods ◽  
Pair Rule ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Insects have a segmented body plan that is established during embryogenesis when the anterior–posterior (A–P) axis is divided into repeated units by a cascade of gene expression. The cascade is initiated by protein gradients created by translation of maternally provided mRNAs, localized at the anterior and posterior poles of the embryo. Combinations of these proteins activate specific gap genes to divide the embryo into distinct regions along the anterior–posterior axis. Gap genes then activate pair-rule genes, which are usually expressed in parts of every other segment. The pair-rule genes, in turn, activate expression of segment polarity genes in a portion of each segment. The segmentation genes are generally conserved among insects, although there is considerable variation in how they are deployed. We annotated 25 segmentation gene homologs in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. Most of the genes expected to be present in D. citri based on their phylogenetic distribution in other insects were identified and annotated. Two exceptions were eagle and invected, which are present in at least some hemipterans, but were not found in D. citri. Many of the segmentation pathway genes are likely to be essential for D. citri development, and thus they may be useful targets for gene-based pest control methods.

Analysis of maternal effect mutant combinations elucidates regulation and function of the overlap of hunchback and Kruppel gene expression in the Drosophila blastoderm embryo

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Gaul ◽  
H. Jackle
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effect ◽  
Drosophila Embryo ◽  
Homeotic Genes ◽  
Protein Distribution ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gap Gene ◽  
Gap Genes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pair Rule

The metameric organisation of the Drosophila embryo is generated early during development, due to the action of maternal effect and zygotic segmentation and homeotic genes. The gap genes participate in the complex process of pattern formation by providing a link between the maternal and the zygotic gene activities. Under the influence of maternal gene products they become expressed in distinct domains along the anteroposterior axis of the embryo; negative interactions between neighboring gap genes are thought to be involved in establishing the expression domains. The gap gene activities in turn are required for the correct patterning of the pair-rule genes; little is known, however, about the underlying mechanisms. We have monitored the distribution of gap and pair-rule genes in wild-type embryos and in embryos in which the anteroposterior body pattern is greatly simplified due to combinations of maternal effect mutations (staufen exuperantia, vasa exuperantia, vasa exuperantia, bicoid oskar, bicoid oskar torsolike, vasa torso exuperantia). We show that the domains of protein distribution of the gap genes hunchback and Kruppel overlap in wild-type embryos. Based on the analysis of the maternal mutant combinations, we suggest an explanation of how this overlap is generated. Furthermore, our data show that different constellations of gap gene activities provide different input for the pair-rule genes, and thus strongly suggest that the overlap of hunchback and Kruppel in wild-type is functional in the formation of the patterns of pair-rule genes.

Head versus trunk patterning in the Drosophila embryo; collier requirement for formation of the intercalary segment

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (19) ◽  
pp. 4385-4394 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Crozatier ◽  
D. Valle ◽  
L. Dubois ◽  
S. Ibnsouda ◽  
A. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Drosophila Embryo ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Gap Genes ◽  
Segment Polarity ◽  
Pair Rule Gene ◽  
Combinatorial Model ◽  
Hlh Transcription Factors ◽  
Head Skeleton ◽  
Pair Rule

Whereas the segmental nature of the insect head is well established, relatively little is known about the genetic and molecular mechanisms governing this process. In this paper, we report the phenotypic analysis of mutations in collier (col), which encodes the Drosophila member of the COE family of HLH transcription factors and is activated at the blastoderm stage in a region overlapping a parasegment (PS0: posterior intercalary and anterior mandibular segments) and a mitotic domain, MD2. col mutant embryos specifically lack intercalary ectodermal structures. col activity is required for intercalary-segment expression both of the segment polarity genes hedgehog, engrailed, and wingless, and of the segment identity gene cap and collar. The parasegmental register of col activation is controlled by the combined activities of the head-gap genes buttonhead and empty spiracles and the pair-rule gene even skipped; it therefore integrates inputs from both the head and trunk segmentation systems, which were previously considered as being essentially independent. After gastrulation, positive autoregulation of col is limited to cells of anterior PS0. Conversely, heat-pulse induced ubiquitous expression of Col leads to disruption of the head skeleton. Together, these results indicate that col is required for establishment of the PS(−1)/PS0 parasegmental border and formation of the intercalary segment. Our data support neither a simple combinatorial model for segmental patterning of the head nor a direct activation of segment polarity gene expression by head-gap genes, but rather argue for the existence of parasegment-specific second order regulators acting in the head, at a level similar to that of pair-rule genes in the trunk.

scholarly journals Expression of Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 2 Protects Against Diet-Induced Obesity in Male Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. S. Chee ◽  
Pavlos Pissios ◽  
Deepthi Prasad ◽  
Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Insight Into

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an orexigenic neuropeptide that is a ligand for two subtypes of MCH receptors, MCHR1 and MCHR2. MCHR1 is universally expressed in mammals ranging from rodents to humans, but the expression of MCHR2 is substantially restricted. In mammals, MCHR2 has been defined in primates as well as other species such as cats and dogs but is not seen in rodents. Although the role of MCHR1 in mediating the actions of MCH on energy balance is clearly defined using mouse models, the role of MCHR2 is harder to characterize because of its limited expression. To determine any potential role of MCHR2 in energy balance, we generated a transgenic MCHR1R2 mouse model, where human MCHR2 is coexpressed in MCHR1-expressing neurons. As shown previously, control wild-type mice expressing only native MCHR1 developed diet-induced obesity when fed a high-fat diet. In contrast, MCHR1R2 mice had lower food intake, leading to their resistance to diet-induced obesity. Furthermore, we showed that MCH action is altered in MCHR1R2 mice. MCH treatment in wild-type mice inhibited the activation of the immediate-early gene c-fos, and coexpression of MCHR2 reduced the inhibitory actions of MCHR1 on this pathway. In conclusion, we developed an experimental animal model that can provide insight into the action of MCHR2 in the central nervous system and suggest that some actions of MCHR2 oppose the endogenous actions of MCHR1.

Segmentation gene expression in the housefly Musca domestica

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Sommer ◽  
D. Tautz
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
Segmentation Gene ◽  
Gap Genes ◽  
Segment Polarity ◽  
Pair Rule Gene ◽  
Segmentation Gene Expression ◽  
Early Expression ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Pair Rule

Drosophila and Musca both belong to the group of higher dipteran flies and show morphologically a very similar early development. However, these two species are evolutionary separated by at least 100 million years. This presents the opportunity for a comparative analysis of segmentation gene expression across a large evolutionary distance in a very similar embryonic background. We have analysed in detail the early expression of the maternal gene bicoid, the gap genes hunchback, Kruppel, knirps and tailless, the pair-rule gene hairy, the segment-polarity gene engrailed and the homoeotic gene Ultrabithorax. We show that the primary expression domains of these genes are conserved, while some secondary expression aspects have diverged. Most notable is the finding of hunchback expression in 11–13 stripes shortly before gastrulation, as well as a delayed expression of terminal domains of various genes. We conclude that the early developmental gene hierarchy, as it has been defined in Drosophila, is evolutionary conserved in Musca domestica.

scholarly journals Segmentation pathway genes in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry Miller ◽  
Teresa D. Shippy ◽  
Prashant S Hosmani ◽  
Mirella Flores-Gonzalez ◽  
Lukas A Mueller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Segment Polarity Genes ◽  
Gap Genes ◽  
Segment Polarity ◽  
Protein Gradients ◽  
Pest Control Methods ◽  
Pair Rule ◽  
Anterior Posterior

AbstractInsects have a segmented body plan that is established during embryogenesis when the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis is divided into repeated units by a cascade of gene expression. The cascade is initiated by protein gradients created by translation of maternally provided mRNAs, localized at the anterior and posterior poles of the embryo. Particular combinations of these proteins activate specific gap genes to divide the embryo into distinct regions along the A-P axis. Gap genes then activate pair-rule genes, which are usually expressed in part of every other segment. The pair-rule genes, in turn, activate expression of segment polarity genes in a portion of each segment. The segmentation genes are generally conserved among insects, although there is considerable variation in how they are deployed. We annotated 24 segmentation gene homologs in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. We identified most of the genes that were expected to be present based on known phylogenetic distribution. Two exceptions were eagle and invected, which are present in at least some hemipterans, but were not identified in D. citri. Many of these genes are likely to be essential for D. citri development and thus may be useful targets for pest control methods.

scholarly journals Salicylic Acid Accumulation Controlled by LSD1 Is Essential in Triggering Cell Death in Response to Abiotic Stress

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 962
Author(s):  
Maciej Jerzy Bernacki ◽  
Anna Rusaczonek ◽  
Weronika Czarnocka ◽  
Stanisław Karpiński
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Pr Genes ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Salicylic Acid Accumulation ◽  
Cell Death Phenotype ◽  
Insight Into

Salicylic acid (SA) is well known hormonal molecule involved in cell death regulation. In response to a broad range of environmental factors (e.g., high light, UV, pathogens attack), plants accumulate SA, which participates in cell death induction and spread in some foliar cells. LESION SIMULATING DISEASE 1 (LSD1) is one of the best-known cell death regulators in Arabidopsis thaliana. The lsd1 mutant, lacking functional LSD1 protein, accumulates SA and is conditionally susceptible to many biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to get more insight into the role of LSD1-dependent regulation of SA accumulation during cell death, we crossed the lsd1 with the sid2 mutant, caring mutation in ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1(ICS1) gene and having deregulated SA synthesis, and with plants expressing the bacterial nahG gene and thus decomposing SA to catechol. In response to UV A+B irradiation, the lsd1 mutant exhibited clear cell death phenotype, which was reversed in lsd1/sid2 and lsd1/NahG plants. The expression of PR-genes and the H2O2 content in UV-treated lsd1 were significantly higher when compared with the wild type. In contrast, lsd1/sid2 and lsd1/NahG plants demonstrated comparability with the wild-type level of PR-genes expression and H2O2. Our results demonstrate that SA accumulation is crucial for triggering cell death in lsd1, while the reduction of excessive SA accumulation may lead to a greater tolerance toward abiotic stress.

Volatile Anesthetics Affect Nutrient Availability in Yeast

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 161 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-574
Author(s):  
Laura K Palmer ◽  
Darren Wolfe ◽  
Jessica L Keeley ◽  
Ralph L Keil
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Volatile Anesthetic ◽  
Volatile Anesthetics ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Anesthetic Exposure ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Abstract Volatile anesthetics affect all cells and tissues tested, but their mechanisms and sites of action remain unknown. To gain insight into the cellular activities of anesthetics, we have isolated genes that, when overexpressed, render Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistant to the volatile anesthetic isoflurane. One of these genes, WAK3/TAT1, encodes a permease that transports amino acids including leucine and tryptophan, for which our wild-type strain is auxotrophic. This suggests that availability of amino acids may play a key role in anesthetic response. Multiple lines of evidence support this proposal: (i) Deletion or overexpression of permeases that transport leucine and/or tryptophan alters anesthetic response; (ii) prototrophic strains are anesthetic resistant; (iii) altered concentrations of leucine and tryptophan in the medium affect anesthetic response; and (iv) uptake of leucine and tryptophan is inhibited during anesthetic exposure. Not all amino acids are critical for this response since we find that overexpression of the lysine permease does not affect anesthetic sensitivity. These findings are consistent with models in which anesthetics have a physiologically important effect on availability of specific amino acids by altering function of their permeases. In addition, we show that there is a relationship between nutrient availability and ubiquitin metabolism in this response.

scholarly journals NMR and LC-MS-Based Metabolomics to Study Osmotic Stress in Lignan-Deficient Flax

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 767
Author(s):  
Kamar Hamade ◽  
Ophélie Fliniaux ◽  
Jean-Xavier Fontaine ◽  
Roland Molinié ◽  
Elvis Otogo Nnang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Osmotic Stress Response ◽  
Transgenic Flax ◽  
Insight Into

Lignans, phenolic plant secondary metabolites, are derived from the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway. Although, being investigated for their health benefits in terms of antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, the role of these molecules in plants remains incompletely elucidated; a potential role in stress response mechanisms has been, however, proposed. In this study, a non-targeted metabolomic analysis of the roots, stems, and leaves of wild-type and PLR1-RNAi transgenic flax, devoid of (+) secoisolariciresinol diglucoside ((+) SDG)—the main flaxseed lignan, was performed using 1H-NMR and LC-MS, in order to obtain further insight into the involvement of lignan in the response of plant to osmotic stress. Results showed that wild-type and lignan-deficient flax plants have different metabolic responses after being exposed to osmotic stress conditions, but they both showed the capacity to induce an adaptive response to osmotic stress. These findings suggest the indirect involvement of lignans in osmotic stress response.

Regulation of hair follicle development by the TNF signal ectodysplasin and its receptor Edar

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (10) ◽  
pp. 2541-2553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Laurikkala ◽  
Johanna Pispa ◽  
Han-Sung Jung ◽  
Pekka Nieminen ◽  
Marja Mikkola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mutant Mouse Embryos ◽  
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia ◽  
Embryonic Morphogenesis ◽  
Hair Follicle Development ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

X-linked and autosomal forms of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia syndromes (HED) are characterized by deficient development of several ectodermal organs, including hair, teeth and exocrine glands. The recent cloning of the genes that underlie these syndromes, ectodysplasin (ED1) and the ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR), and their identification as a novel TNF ligand-receptor pair suggested a role for TNF signaling in embryonic morphogenesis. In the mouse, the genes of the spontaneous mutations Tabby (Ta) and downless (dl) were identified as homologs of ED1 and EDAR, respectively. To gain insight into the function of this signaling pathway in development of skin and hair follicles, we analyzed the expression and regulation of Eda and Edar in wild type as well as Tabby and Lef1 mutant mouse embryos. We show that Eda and Edar expression is confined to the ectoderm and occurs in a pattern that suggests a role of ectodysplasin/Edar signaling in the interactions between the ectodermal compartments and the formation and function of hair placodes. By using skin explant cultures, we further show that this signaling pathway is intimately associated with interactions between the epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. We also find that Ta mutants lack completely the placodes of the first developing tylotrich hairs, and that they do not show patterned expression of placodal genes, including Bmp4, Lef1, Shh, Ptch and Edar, and the genes for β-catenin and activin A. Finally, we identified activin as a mesenchymal signal that stimulates Edar expression and WNT as a signal that induces Eda expression, suggesting a hierarchy of distinct signaling pathways in the development of skin and hair follicles. In conclusion, we suggest that Eda and Edar are associated with the onset of ectodermal patterning and that ectodysplasin/edar signaling also regulates the morphogenesis of hair follicles.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document