Multiple restricted lineages in the embryonic rat cerebral cortex

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Grove ◽  
B.P. Williams ◽  
D.Q. Li ◽  
M. Hajihosseini ◽  
A. Friedrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Rat Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Fibrous Astrocytes ◽  
Single Cell Type ◽  
Separate Population ◽  
Protoplasmic Astrocytes

We have labelled precursor cells in the embryonic rat cerebral cortex using BAG, a retroviral vector that expresses beta-galactosidase. We had previously reported that labelled precursor cells generate clusters of labelled cells that could be classified into four types by their morphological appearance and anatomical distribution (Price and Thurlow, 1988). In this study, we have used immunohistochemistry and intracellular dye labelling to identify the cell types that make up these clusters. We discovered that clusters are almost always composed of a single cell type. In addition to clusters composed entirely of neurones, we found four different types of glial cell clusters. In the grey matter, glial clusters are composed either of protoplasmic astrocytes, or of cells that have an astrocyte morphology, but no glial filaments. In the white matter, clusters are composed of either fibrous astrocytes or oligodendocytes. Our results indicate that each of these different cortical cell types is generated from a separate population of precursor cells.

Cell lineage in the rat cerebral cortex: a study using retroviral-mediated gene transfer

Development ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Price ◽  
L. Thurlow
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Retroviral Vector ◽  
Rat Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Rat Embryos ◽  
Bacterial Enzyme ◽  
Beta Galactosidase

We have used a retroviral vector that codes for the bacterial enzyme beta-galactosidase to study cell lineage in the rat cerebral cortex. This vector has been used to label progenitor cells in the cerebral cortices of rat embryos during the period of neurogenesis. When these embryos are allowed to develop to adulthood, the clones of cells derived from the marked progenitor cells can be identified histochemically. In this way, we can ask what are the lineage relationships between different neural cell types. From these studies, we conclude that there are two distinct types of progenitor cells in the developing cortex. One generates only grey matter astrocytes, whereas the second gives rise to neurones - both pyramidal and nonpyramidal - and to another class of cells that we have tentatively identified as glial cells of the white matter. We have also been able to address the question of how neurones are dispersed in the cortex during histogenesis. It had been previously hypothesized that clonally related neurones migrated radially to form columns in the mature cortex. However, we find that clones of neurones do not form radial columns; rather, they tend to occupy the same or neighbouring cortical laminae and to be spread over several hundreds of micrometers of cortex in the horizontal dimension. This spread occurs in both mediolateral and rostrocaudal directions.

scholarly journals Evidence for multiple precursor cell types in the embryonic rat cerebral cortex

Neuron ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1181-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda P Williams ◽  
Jack Price
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Precursor Cell ◽  
Rat Cerebral Cortex

scholarly journals High Sensitivity of Protoplasmic Cortical Astroglia to Focal Ischemia

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Claire Lukaszevicz ◽  
Nathalie Sampaïo ◽  
Christelle Guégan ◽  
Alexandra Benchoua ◽  
Cécile Couriaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Brain Surface ◽  
Permanent Occlusion ◽  
Fibrous Astrocytes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Protoplasmic Astrocytes

The generally accepted concept that astrocytes are highly resistant to hypoxic/ischemic conditions has been challenged by an increasing amount of data. Considering the differences in functional implications of protoplasmic versus fibrous astrocytes, the authors have investigated the possibility that those discrepancies come from specific behaviors of the two cell types. The reactivity and fate of protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes were observed after permanent occlusion of the medial cerebral artery in mice. A specific loss of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunolabeling in protoplasmic astrocytes occurred within minutes in the area with total depletion of regional CBF (rCBF) levels, whereas “classical” astrogliosis was observed in areas with remaining rCBF. Severe disturbance of cell function, as suggested by decreased GFAP content and increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier to macromolecules, was rapidly followed by necrotic cell death, as assessed by ultrastructure and by the lack of activation of the apoptotic protease caspase-3. In contrast to the response of protoplasmic astrocytes, fibrous astrocytes located at the brain surface and in deep cortical layers displayed a transient and limited hypertrophy, with no conspicuous cell death. These results point to a differential sensitivity of protoplasmic versus fibrous cortical astrocytes to blood deprivation, with a rapid demise of the former, adding to the suggestion that protoplasmic astrocytes play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury.

Cell lineage in the cerebral cortex

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Price ◽  
Brenda Williams ◽  
Elizabeth Grove
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Dissociated Cell Culture

We have studied cell lineage in the rat cerebral cortex using retroviral mediated gene transfer. By this method, a marker gene is inserted into dividing precursor cells such that their fate can be followed. We have applied this technique to two types of experiment. First, virus was used to label precursor cells of the cerebral cortex in situ during the period of neurogenesis. Second, cortical precursor cells were grown in dissociated cell culture, and virus was used to follow their development over the culture period. These experiments showed that the majority of precursor cells generate a single cell type – neurones, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes. Moreover, this is true both in vivo and in dissociated cell culture. The only exception is a bipotential cell, which can generate both neurones and oligodendrocytes. These data suggest that the ventricular zone – the germinal layer of the embryonic cortex – is a mosaic of precursor cells of different restricted potentials. Although precursor cells are restricted in terms of the cell types they generate, they seem not to be restricted in either the cortical laminae or cytoarchitectonic areas to which they can contribute. Both neuronal and grey matter astrocyte precursors contribute cells to multiple layers of both infra- and supragranular laminae. Moreover, in the hippocampal formation, neuronal precursors can contribute cells to more than one hippocampal field.

scholarly journals Microglia: An Intrinsic Component of the Proliferative Zones in the Fetal Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Cerebral Cortex

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 2782-2796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Barger ◽  
Janet Keiter ◽  
Anna Kreutz ◽  
Anjana Krishnamurthy ◽  
Cody Weidenthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Lentiviral Vector ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Microglial Cells ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Green Fluorescent

Abstract Microglial cells are increasingly recognized as modulators of brain development. We previously showed that microglia colonize the cortical proliferative zones in the prenatal brain and regulate the number of precursor cells through phagocytosis. To better define cellular interactions between microglia and proliferative cells, we performed lentiviral vector-mediated intraventricular gene transfer to induce enhanced green fluorescent protein expression in fetal cerebrocortical cells. Tissues were collected and counterstained with cell-specific markers to label microglial cells and identify other cortical cell types. We found that microglial cells intimately interact with the radial glial scaffold and make extensive contacts with neural precursor cells throughout the proliferative zones, particularly in the rhesus monkey fetus when compared to rodents. We also identify a subtype of microglia, which we term ‘periventricular microglia’, that interact closely with mitotic precursor cells in the ventricular zone. Our data suggest that microglia are structural modulators that facilitate remodeling of the proliferative zones as precursor cells migrate away from the ventricle and may facilitate the delamination of precursor cells. Taken together, these results indicate that microglial cells are an integral component of cortical proliferative zones and contribute to the interactive milieu in which cortical precursor cells function.

scholarly journals UNBIASED STEREOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF DIFFERENT CELL TYPES IN RAT CEREBRAL CORTEX

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maziar Davanlou ◽  
Donald F Smith
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Rat Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Numerical Density ◽  
Light Microscopic Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Different Cell Types

The total numbers of neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells in rat cerebral cortex were estimated using unbiased stereological counting techniques and systematic sampling. The reference volume chosen was the entire neocortex, most of the allocortex and parts of claustrum using the rhinal fissure as the macroscopical anatomical landmark. These regions are referred to collectively as syncortex. A method has been devised for reducing problems associated with the uncertainties that arise when distinguishing between various types of cells. At the light microscopic level, using the detailed criteria described in this article, the total numbers of neurons, glial cells, and endothelial cells, respectively, were estimated for the entire syncortex as the product of the estimate of the volume of the syncortex, made with point counting techniques, and the estimates of the numerical density for each group of cells, made with optical disectors. In a sample of three brains, the mean total number of cells (neurons, glial and endothelial) in the syncortex of the rat brain is 128 x 106. This number is made up of 47% neurons, 24% glial cells, 17% endothelial cells, and 11% uncertain cell types (probably mostly glial cells).

Vagus Nerve Stimulation Induced Synchrony Modulation of Local Field Potential in the Rat Cerebral Cortex

2013 ◽  
Vol 133 (8) ◽  
pp. 1493-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuji Kano ◽  
Kenichi Usami ◽  
Takahiro Noda ◽  
Tomoyo I. Shiramatsu ◽  
Ryohei Kanzaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Local Field Potential ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Rat Cerebral Cortex

Features of Histostructural Changes in Rat Cerebral Cortex in Hemorrhagic Stroke Modeling

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergiy I. Savosko ◽  
Juriy B. Chaikovsky ◽  
Nelly Kh. Pogorela ◽  
Alexandr N. Makarenko
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Rat Cerebral Cortex
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