scholarly journals Expression of the zebrafish paired box gene pax[zf-b] during early neurogenesis

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1193-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Krauss ◽  
T. Johansen ◽  
V. Korzh ◽  
A. Fjose
Keyword(s):  
Single Cells ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cloning And Expression ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Posterior Portion ◽  
Optic Stalk ◽  
Early Neurogenesis ◽  
Otic Placode ◽  
Pax2 Gene ◽  
Time Point

The paired box-containing (pax) gene family encodes a group of putative transcription factors differentially expressed during embryonic development. In this study, we describe the cloning and expression of a zebrafish gene pax[zf-b], which most probably is a direct homologue to the mouse Pax2 gene. The putative protein encoded by pax[zf-b] contains a paired box, an octapeptide, but no homeobox. However, a region of homology to the N-terminal half of paired-type homeoboxes is detected C-terminal to the pax[zf-b] paired domain. In zebrafish embryos, pax[zf-b] transcripts are first seen during the formation of the neural keel. At 9–10 h of development, two laterally located transverse stripes of cells expressing the gene appear in the rostral 1/3 of the embryo. The two areas subsequently move towards the midline and form the posterior portion of the midbrain. In the following stages of development, at 10–12 h, transcripts are detected in the otic placode, the Wolffian duct including the nephritic primodium and in the optic stalk. At a later time point, beginning at 14–15 h, single cells along the spinal cord, presumably interneurons, start to express the gene. The characteristic expression pattern of pax[zf-b] in the neural tube suggests an involvement of this gene in the regionalization of the midbrain as well as in the specification of neuronal cell fates at early embryonic stages.

Characterization of three novel members of the zebrafish Pax2/5/8 family: dependency of Pax5 and Pax8 expression on the Pax2.1 (noi) function

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (16) ◽  
pp. 3063-3074 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.L. Pfeffer ◽  
T. Gerster ◽  
K. Lun ◽  
M. Brand ◽  
M. Busslinger
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Boundary Region ◽  
Optic Stalk ◽  
Delayed Onset ◽  
Pax8 Expression ◽  
Otic Placode ◽  
Pax5 Gene ◽  
Pax2 Gene

The mammalian Pax2, Pax5 and Pax8 genes code for highly related transcription factors, which play important roles in embryonic development and organogenesis. Here we report the characterization of all members of the zebrafish Pax2/5/8 family. These genes have arisen by duplications before or at the onset of vertebrate evolution. Due to an additional genome amplification in the fish lineage, the zebrafish contains two Pax2 genes, the previously known Pax[b] gene (here renamed as Pax2.1) and a novel Pax2.2 gene. The zebrafish Pax2.1 gene most closely resembles the mammalian Pax2 gene in its expression pattern, as it is transcribed first in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary region, then in the optic stalk, otic system, pronephros and nephric ducts, and lastly in specific interneurons of the hindbrain and spinal cord. Pax2.2 differs from Pax2.1 by the absence of expression in the nephric system and by a delayed onset of transcription in other Pax2.1 expession domains. Pax8 is also expressed in the same domains as Pax2.1, but its transcription is already initiated during gastrulation in the primordia of the otic placode and pronephric anlage, thus identifying Pax8 as the earliest developmental marker of these structures. The zebrafish Pax5 gene, in contrast to its mouse orthologue, is transcribed in the otic system in addition to its prominent expression at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. The no isthmus (noi) mutation is known to inactivate the Pax2.1 gene, thereby affecting the development of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary region, pronephric system, optic stalk and otic region. Although the different members of the Pax2/5/8 family may potentially compensate for the loss of Pax2.1 function, we demonstrate here that only the expression of the Pax2.2 gene remains unaffected in noi mutant embryos. The expression of Pax5 and Pax8 is either not initiated at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary or is later not maintained in other expression domains. Consequently, the noi mutation of zebrafish is equivalent to combined inactivation of the mouse Pax2 and Pax5 genes with regard to the loss of midbrain-hindbrain boundary development.

scholarly journals The landscape of alternative polyadenylation in single cells of the developing mouse embryo

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Agarwal ◽  
Sereno Lopez-Darwin ◽  
David R. Kelley ◽  
Jay Shendure
Keyword(s):  
Rna Binding ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Alternative Polyadenylation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Untranslated Regions ◽  
Mammalian Development ◽  
Translation Rate ◽  
Dynamic Landscape

Abstract3′ untranslated regions (3′ UTRs) post-transcriptionally regulate mRNA stability, localization, and translation rate. While 3′-UTR isoforms have been globally quantified in limited cell types using bulk measurements, their differential usage among cell types during mammalian development remains poorly characterized. In this study, we examine a dataset comprising ~2 million nuclei spanning E9.5–E13.5 of mouse embryonic development to quantify transcriptome-wide changes in alternative polyadenylation (APA). We observe a global lengthening of 3′ UTRs across embryonic stages in all cell types, although we detect shorter 3′ UTRs in hematopoietic lineages and longer 3′ UTRs in neuronal cell types within each stage. An analysis of RNA-binding protein (RBP) dynamics identifies ELAV-like family members, which are concomitantly induced in neuronal lineages and developmental stages experiencing 3′-UTR lengthening, as putative regulators of APA. By measuring 3′-UTR isoforms in an expansive single cell dataset, our work provides a transcriptome-wide and organism-wide map of the dynamic landscape of alternative polyadenylation during mammalian organogenesis.

Overexpression of the forebrain-specific homeobox gene six3 induces rostral forebrain enlargement in zebrafish

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (15) ◽  
pp. 2973-2982 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kobayashi ◽  
R. Toyama ◽  
H. Takeda ◽  
I.B. Dawid ◽  
K. Kawakami
Keyword(s):  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Cloning And Expression ◽  
Optic Stalk ◽  
Sine Oculis ◽  
Murine Homolog ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Rostral Region ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Early Gastrula ◽  
Anterior Neural Plate

The Drosophila homeobox gene sine oculis is expressed in the rostral region of the embryo in early development and is essential for eye and brain formation. Its murine homolog, Six3, is expressed in the anterior neural plate and eye anlage, and may have crucial functions in eye and brain development. In this study, we describe the cloning and expression of zebrafish six3, the apparent ortholog of the mouse Six3 gene. Zebrafish six3 transcripts are first seen in hypoblast cells in early gastrula embryos and are found in the anterior axial mesendoderm through gastrulation. six3 expression in the head ectoderm begins at late gastrula. Throughout the segmentation period, six3 is expressed in the rostral region of the prospective forebrain. Overexpression of six3 in zebrafish embryos induced enlargement of the rostral forebrain, enhanced expression of pax2 in the optic stalk and led to a general disorganization of the brain. Disruption of either the Six domain or the homeodomain abolish these effects, implying that these domains are essential for six3 gene function. Our results suggest that the vertebrate Six3 genes are involved in the formation of the rostral forebrain.

scholarly journals Visualisation of ribosomes in Drosophila axons using Ribo-BiFC

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand K Singh ◽  
Akilu Abdullahi ◽  
Matthias Soller ◽  
Alexandre David ◽  
Saverio Brogna
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Growth Cones ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
80S Ribosome ◽  
Optic Stalk ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Drosophila Cells

AbstractRates of protein synthesis and the number of translating ribosomes vary greatly between different cells in various cell states. The distribution of assembled, and potentially translating, ribosomes within cells can be visualised in Drosophila by using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) to monitor the interaction between tagged pairs of 40S and 60S ribosomal proteins (RPs) that are close neighbours across inter-subunit junctions in the assembled 80S ribosome. Here we describe transgenes that express two novel RP pairs tagged with Venus-based BiFC fragments that considerably increase the sensitivity of this technique that we termed Ribo-BiFC. This improved method should provide a convenient way of monitoring the local distribution of ribosomes in most Drosophila cells and we suggest that could be implemented in other organisms. We visualized 80S ribosomes in larval photoreceptors and in other neurons. Assembled ribosomes are most abundant in the various neuronal cell bodies, but they are also present along the lengths of axons and are concentrated in growth cones of larval and pupal photoreceptors. Surprisingly, there is relatively less puromycin incorporation in the distal portion of axons in the optic stalk, suggesting that some of the ribosomes that have started translation may not be engaged in elongation in axons that are still growing.

scholarly journals PHYL Acts to Down-Regulate TTK88, a Transcriptional Repressor of Neuronal Cell Fates, by a SINA-Dependent Mechanism

Cell ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy H Tang ◽  
Thomas P Neufeld ◽  
Elaine Kwan ◽  
Gerald M Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Repressor ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Dependent Mechanism

scholarly journals Vital dye labelling of Xenopus laevis trunk neural crest reveals multipotency and novel pathways of migration

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Collazo ◽  
M. Bronner-Fraser ◽  
S.E. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Neural Crest Cell ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Pigment Cells ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
Posterior Portion ◽  
Precise Position

Although the Xenopus embryo has served as an important model system for both molecular and cellular studies of vertebrate development, comparatively little is known about its neural crest. Here, we take advantage of the ease of manipulation and relative transparency of Xenopus laevis embryos to follow neural crest cell migration and differentiation in living embryos. We use two techniques to study the lineage and migratory patterns of frog neural crest cells: (1) injections of DiI or lysinated rhodamine dextran (LRD) into small populations of neural crest cells to follow movement and (2) injections of LRD into single cells to follow cell lineage. By using non-invasive approaches that allow observations in living embryos and control of the time and position of labelling, we have been able to expand upon the results of previous grafting experiments. Migration and differentiation of the labelled cells were observed over time in individual living embryos, and later in sections to determine precise position and morphology. Derivatives populated by the neural crest are the fins, pigment stripes, spinal ganglia, adrenal medulla, pronephric duct, enteric nuclei and the posterior portion of the dorsal aorta. In the rostral to mid-trunk levels, most neural crest cells migrate along two paths: a dorsal pathway into the fin, followed by presumptive fin cells, and a ventral pathway along the neural tube and notochord, followed by presumptive pigment, sensory ganglion, sympathetic ganglion and adrenal medullary cells. In the caudal trunk, two additional paths were noted. One group of cells moves circumferentially within the fin, in an arc from dorsal to ventral; another progresses ventrally to the anus and subsequently populates the ventral fin. By labelling individual precursor cells, we find that neural tube and neural crest cells often share a common precursor. The majority of clones contain labelled progeny cells in the dorsal fin. The remainder have progeny in multiple derivatives including spinal ganglion cells, pigment cells, enteric cells, fin cells and/or neural tube cells in all combinations, suggesting that many premigratory Xenopus neural crest precursors are multipotent.

scholarly journals Ptf1a triggers GABAergic neuronal cell fates in the retina

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Dullin ◽  
Morgane Locker ◽  
Mélodie Robach ◽  
Kristine A Henningfeld ◽  
Karine Parain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Fates

scholarly journals The Caenorhabditis elegans LIN-26 protein is required to specify and/or maintain all non-neuronal ectodermal cell fates

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (9) ◽  
pp. 2579-2588 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Labouesse ◽  
E. Hartwieg ◽  
H.R. Horvitz
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Divisions ◽  
Zinc Finger Transcription Factor ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
Cell Expression

The C. elegans gene lin-26, which encodes a presumptive zinc-finger transcription factor, is required for hypodermal cells to acquire their proper fates. Here we show that lin-26 is expressed not only in all hypodermal cells but also in all glial-like cells. During asymmetric cell divisions that generate a neuronal cell and a non-neuronal cell, LIN-26 protein is symmetrically segregated and then lost from the neuronal cell. Expression in glial-like cells (socket and sheath cells) is biologically important, as some of these neuronal support cells die or seem sometimes to be transformed to neuron-like cells in embryos homozygous for strong loss-of-function mutations. In addition, most of these glial-like cells are structurally and functionally defective in animals carrying the weak loss-of-function mutation lin-26(n156). lin-26 mutant phenotypes and expression patterns together suggest that lin-26 is required to specify and/or maintain the fates not only of hypodermal cells but also of all other non-neuronal ectodermal cells in C. elegans. We speculate that lin-26 acts by repressing the expression of neuronal-specific genes in non-neuronal cells.

scholarly journals Cellular taxonomy and spatial organization of the ventral posterior hypothalamus reveals neuroanatomical parcellation of the mammillary bodies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Mickelsen ◽  
William F. Flynn ◽  
Kristen Springer ◽  
Lydia Wilson ◽  
Eric J. Beltrami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Posterior Hypothalamus ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Mammillary Bodies ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
And Behavior

ABSTRACTThe ventral posterior hypothalamus (VPH) is an anatomically complex brain region implicated in arousal, reproduction, energy balance and memory processing. However, neuronal cell type diversity within the VPH is poorly understood, an impediment to deconstructing the roles of distinct VPH circuits in physiology and behavior. To address this question, we employed a droplet-based single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) approach to systematically classify molecularly distinct cell types in the mouse VPH. Analysis of >16,000 single cells revealed 20 neuronal and 18 non-neuronal cell populations, defined by suites of discriminatory markers. We validated differentially expressed genes in a selection of neuronal populations through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Focusing on the mammillary bodies (MB), we discovered transcriptionally-distinct clusters that exhibit a surprising degree of segregation within neuroanatomical subdivisions of the MB, while genetically-defined MB cell types project topographically to the anterior thalamus. This single cell transcriptomic atlas of cell types in the VPH provides a detailed resource for interrogating the circuit-level mechanisms underlying the diverse functions of VPH circuits in health and disease.

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