The dorsoventral axis is specified prior to first cleavage in the direct developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Henry ◽  
G.A. Wray ◽  
R.A. Raff
Keyword(s):  
Cleavage Plane ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Cleavage Division ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Dorsoventral Axis ◽  
Fluorescent Cell ◽  
Heliocidaris Erythrogramma ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Set Up

Previous fate mapping studies as well as the culture of isolated blastomeres have revealed that the dorsoventral axis is specified as early as the 2-cell stage in the embryos of the direct developing echinoid, Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Normally, the first cleavage plane includes the animal-vegetal axis and bisects the embryo between future dorsal and ventral halves. Experiments were performed to establish whether the dorsoventral axis is set up prior to the first cleavage division in H. erythrogramma. Eggs were elongated and fertilized in silicone tubes of a small diameter in order to orient the cleavage spindle and thus the first plane of cell division. Following first cleavage, one of the two resulting blastomeres was then microinjected with a fluorescent cell lineage tracer dye. Fate maps were made after culturing these embryos to larval stages. The results indicate that the first cleavage division can be made to occur at virtually any angle relative to the animal-vegetal and dorsoventral axes. Therefore, the dorsoventral axis is specified prior to first cleavage. We argue that this axis resides in the unfertilized oocyte rather than being set up as a consequence of fertilization.

Evolutionary dissociation between cleavage, cell lineage and embryonic axes in sea urchin embryos

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Henry ◽  
K.M. Klueg ◽  
R.A. Raff
Keyword(s):  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Cleavage Plane ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Cleavage Pattern ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Animal Pole ◽  
Dorsoventral Axis ◽  
The Relationship

Using vital dye staining and the microinjection of fluorescent cell lineage-autonomous tracers, the relationship between the first cleavage plane and the prospective larval dorsoventral axis was examined in several sea urchin species, including: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, S. droebachiensis, Lytechinus pictus, Clypeaster rosaceus, Heliocidaris tuberculata and H. erythrogramma. The results indicate that there is no single relationship between the early cleavage pattern and the dorsoventral axis for all sea urchins; however, specific relationships exist for individual species. In S. purpuratus the first cleavage plane occurs at an angle 45 degrees clockwise with respect to the prospective dorsoventral axis in most cases, as viewed from the animal pole. On the other hand, in S. droebachiensis, L. pictus and H. tuberculata, the first cleavage plane generally corresponds with the plane of bilateral symmetry. There does not appear to be a predominant relationship between the first cleavage plane and the dorsoventral axis in C. rosaceus. In the direct-developing sea urchin H. erythrogramma the first cleavage plane bisects the dorsoventral axis through the frontal plane. Clearly, evolutionary differences have arisen in the relationship between cleavage pattern and developmental axes. Therefore, the mechanism of cell determination is not necessarily tied to any particular pattern of cell cleavage, but to an underlying framework of axial systems resident within sea urchin eggs and embryos.

The system specifying body position in the early development of Xenopus, and its response to early perturbations.

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 89 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 69-87
Author(s):  
Jonathan Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spatial Profile ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Positional System ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Pattern Specification

Evidence is presented that the system setting up preliminary specifications for contributions to the axial body plan, across vegetal regions of the Xenopus embryo, acts in a widespread way at early stages. Mechanisms that regulate the spatial profile of this primary positional variable, and thus ensure the constancy and harmony of the body plans normally achieved, have lost this integrative ability by the 4-cell stage one hour after the plasm shifts that precede first cleavage and symmetrize the egg. Abnormal, partial or distorted profiles of the positional system across whole eggs or isolates, recorded by these times, are retained to give correspondingly partial or imbalanced mes/endodermal pattern at tailbud larval stages. There is evidence that subsequent ‘back-up’ positional interactions, which can heal gross positional discontinuities in isolated presumptive lateral half-eggs and so restore bilateral symmetry, also do this at the price of loss of complete pattern specification. This is probably because of an asymmetrical principle whereby relatively activated (dorsoanterior specified) material can raise the level of originally posterior material on contact, whereas the reverse interaction cannot occur. The observations are discussed in relation to apparently different behaviour in certain other amphibian embryos, and to our knowledge of other positional interactions, normal and also experimentally provoked, such as those that set up the germ layers.

scholarly journals ESCs injected into the 8-cell stage mouse embryo modify pattern of cleavage and cell lineage specification

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 40-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Humięcka ◽  
Magdalena Krupa ◽  
Maria M. Guzewska ◽  
Marek Maleszewski ◽  
Aneta Suwińska
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Embryo ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Lineage Specification ◽  
Cell Stage

Memoirs: On the Early Stages in the Development of Flustrella hispida (Fabricius), and on the Existence of a "Yolk Nucleus" in the Egg of this Form

1906 ◽  
Vol s2-50 (199) ◽  
pp. 435-478
Author(s):  
R. M. PACE
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Yolk Nucleus ◽  
Foregoing Paper

The main points in the foregoing paper maybe summarised as follows : (1) A "yolk nucleus" of the type described by Bambeke, as occurring in the egg of Pholcus, is present in the developing egg of Flustrella hispida. (2) Segmentation and cell-lineage have been followed out in detail up to the 32-cell stage. (3) The formation of the endoderm has been traced. (4) The oral and aboral ectoderm are differentiated as early as the 16-cell stage, and remain quite distinct from that time onwards. (5) The ciliated ring of the larva is formed by the coalescence of several originally distinct rows of cells, and not by the hypertrophy of a single row. (6) A stomach, comparable to that of Alcyonidium, is present also in Flustrella.

scholarly journals 78 NONINVASIVE CELL LINEAGE TRACING IN BOVINE EMBRYOS FROM 2-CELL STAGE UP TO BLASTOCYST STAGE

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
L. P. Sepulveda-Rincon ◽  
D. Dube ◽  
P. Adenot ◽  
L. Laffont ◽  
S. Ruffini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Bovine Embryos ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Allocation Patterns

The first lineage specification occurs during pre-implantation mammalian development. At the blastocyst stage, 2 cell lineages can be distinguished: the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophectoderm (TE). The exact timing when embryo cells are skewed to these lineages is not clearly determined in mammalian species. In murine embryos, it has been suggested that the first cleavage plane might be related to the embryonic-abembryonic (Em-Ab) axis at blastocyst stage. Thus, the daughter cells of the 2-cell embryo might already be predisposed to a specific cell lineage further on development. The objective of the present study was to observe how the first cleavage in bovine embryos may be related to cell lineage allocation at the blastocyst stage, using a noninvasive tracing approach. Bovine oocytes were harvested, in vitro matured, and fertilised. At the 2-cell stage, embryos were injected in one blastomere with the membrane tracer DiI. At the blastocyst stage, embryos (n = 346) were classified as orthogonal when the Em-Ab axis was orthogonally divided by the borderline between labelled and non-labelled cells; as deviant if the borderline was overlapping the Em-Ab axis; and as random when the labelled and non-labelled cells were randomly distributed. Total cell count (TCC) and the ICM/TE ratio was allowed by DNA staining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and by immunostaining of the ICM with Sox2 antibody. Analysis of variance was performed by one-way ANOVA employing IBM SPSS v21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) to determine any difference between the cell lineage allocation patterns, TCC, and the ICM/TE ratio. P-values = 0.05 were considered significant. All values are reported as mean ± standard error of mean. Within 40 repetitions, the blastocyst classification was as follows: orthogonal 14.9% (±2.32, n = 56), deviant 22.2% (±2.58, n = 80), and random 62.9% (±2.64, n = 210). A significant difference was found in the incidence between the random group against the orthogonal and deviant, but not between the latter two. Regarding TCC, a significant difference was observed only between the orthogonal (99.6 ± 11.7 cells, n = 15) and deviant (135 ± 7.3 cells, n = 25) groups, but not with random embryos (116 ± 5.5 cells, n = 42). Finally, no significant difference was found among the groups concerning the ICM/TE ratio (0.43 ± 0.07 for orthogonal, n = 7; 0.54 ± 0.06 for deviant, n = 14; and 0.40 ± 0.03 for random embryos, n = 26). In conclusion, bovine embryos present a marked tendency for a random distribution of the daughter cells derived from the 2-cell blastomeres. However, around 37% of the blastocysts present a patterned cell division, where the daughter cells remain together through pre-implantation development. The effect of these cell lineage allocation patterns on implantation and further embryo development needs to be addressed.The authors acknowledge Laboratoire d'Excellence Revive (Investissement d'Avenir, ANR-10-LABX-73) and CONACyT Mexico for funding.

When and how does cell division order influence cell allocation to the inner cell mass of the mouse blastocyst?

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-332
Author(s):  
C.L. Garbutt ◽  
M.H. Johnson ◽  
M.A. George
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mouse Blastocyst ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Cell Embryo

Aggregate 8-cell embryos were constructed from four 2/8 pairs of blastomeres, one of which was marked with a short-term cell lineage marker and was also either 4 h older (derived from an early-dividing 4-cell) or 4 h younger (derived from a late-dividing 4-cell) than the other three pairs. The aggregate embryos were cultured to the 16-cell stage, at which time a second marker was used to label the outside cell population. The embryos were then disaggregated and each cell was examined to determine its labelling pattern. From this analysis, we calculated the relative contributions to the inside cell population of the 16-cell embryo of older and younger cells. Older cells were found to contribute preferentially. However, if the construction of the aggregate 8-cell embryo was delayed until each of the contributing 2/8 cell pairs had undergone intercellular flattening and then had been exposed to medium low in calcium to reverse this flattening immediately prior to aggregation, the advantage possessed by the older cells was lost. These results support the suggestion that older cells derived from early-dividing 4-cell blastomeres contribute preferentially to the inner cell mass as a result of being early-flattening cells.

Cell lineage in marine nematode Enoplus brevis

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
D.A. Voronov ◽  
Y.V. Panchin
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Marine Nematode ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Cell Embryo ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Nerve Muscle ◽  
Nematode Development

Early cleavages of the marine nematode Enoplus brevis are symmetrical and occur in synchrony. At the 2- to 16-cell stages, blastomeres are indistinguishable. The progeny of blastomeres was investigated by intracellular injections of fluorescent dyes and horse radish peroxidase. One blastomere of the 2-cell embryo gives rise to a compact group of cells occupying about half of an embryo. The border between labeled and unlabeled cells differs in each embryo dividing it to anterior-posterior, left-right or intermediate parts. At the 8-cell stage, one blastomere gives rise to only endoderm, whereas the other blastomeres produce progeny that form multiple cell types, including nerve, muscle and hypoderm cells, in various proportions. Thus the fates of the blastomeres of early E. brevis embryos, with the exception of the endoderm precursor, are not determined. The process of gastrulation in E. brevis is very similar to that in Caenorhabditis elegans and other nematodes. At the beginning of gastrulation, the 2-celled endoderm precursor lies on the surface of embryo and then sinks inwards. After labeling of cells on the ventral side (near endoderm precursor) at the beginning of gastrulation, their progeny differentiate predominantly into body muscles or pharyngeal cells of the first stage larva. Cells that are located more laterally give rise mainly to neurons. The dorsal blastomeres differentiated principally into hypoderm cells. Our study suggests that a precise cell lineage is not a necessary attribute of nematode development.

An analysis of the response to gut induction in the C. elegans embryo

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 1227-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Pharyngeal Muscle ◽  
Cell Cycles ◽  
Sister Cell ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Cell Diversity

Establishment of the gut founder cell (E) in C. elegans involves an interaction between the P2 and the EMS cell at the four cell stage. Here I show that the fate of only one daughter of EMS, the E cell, is affected by this induction. In the absence of the P2-EMS interaction, both E and its sister cell, MS, produce pharyngeal muscle cells and body wall muscle cells, much as MS normally does. By cell manipulations and inhibitor studies, I show first that EMS loses the competence to respond before it divides even once, but P2 presents an inducing signal for at least three cell cycles. Second, induction on one side of the EMS cell usually blocks the other side from responding to a second P2-derived signal. Third, microfilaments and microtubules may be required near the time of the interaction for subsequent gut differentiation. Lastly, cell manipulations in pie-1 mutant embryos, in which the P2 cell is transformed to an EMS-like fate and produces a gut cell lineage, revealed that gut fate is segregated to one of P2's daughters cell-autonomously. The results contrast with previous results from similar experiments on the response to other inductions, and suggest that this induction may generate cell diversity by a different mechanism.

Micromere fate maps in leech embryos: lineage-specific differences in rates of cell proliferation

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (12) ◽  
pp. 3427-3438 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Smith ◽  
D. A. Weisblat
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Squamous Epithelium ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Animal Pole ◽  
Fluorescent Cell ◽  
Plate Formation

Stereotyped early cleavages in glossiphoniid leech embryos yield 25 micromeres, along with 3 macromeres and 10 teloblasts. The micromeres generate prostomial tissues and also give rise to most of the squamous epithelium of a provisional integument that spreads epibolically from the animal pole, covering the rest of the embryo during germinal plate formation. We systematically injected individual micromeres with fluorescent cell lineage tracers at the time of their birth and quantitatively mapped the contributions of all these cells to the late stage 7 embryo, a time in development that is early in the epibolic expansion. At this time, micromere derivatives comprise two types of cells: squamous epithelial (superficial) cells that cover the germinal bands and the region of the animal cap between the germinal bands; and underlying (deep) cells that are confined to the distal ends of the germinal bands and in the area between their distal ends. We find that individual micromeres contribute clones of deep and/or superficial progeny that are stereotyped with respect to both numbers and types of cells in the clone and the domains that they occupy. The N teloblasts also contribute cells to the squamous epithelium. We find significant differences in the rate of cell proliferation between different micromere clones. These differences appear to reflect lineage-specific traits, since there is little or no regulation of cell number after ablation of individual micromeres.

Features of cell lineage in preimplantation mouse development

Development ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-72
Author(s):  
C. F. Graham ◽  
Z. A. Deussen
Keyword(s):  
Inner Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mouse Development ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Preimplantation Mouse ◽  
Peripheral Cells

The cell lineage of the mouse was studied from the 2-cell stage to the blastocyst. Lineage to the 8-cell stage was followed under the microscope. Each cell from the 2-cell stage divided to form two daughter cells which remained attached. Subsequently, these two daughters each produced two descendants; one of these descendants regularly lay deep in the structure of the embryo while the other was peripheral. Lineage to the blastocyst was followed by injecting oil drops into cells at the 8-cell stage, and then following the segregation of these drops into the inner cell mass and trophectoderm. Between the 8-cell stage and the blastocyst, the deep cells contributed more frequently to the inner cell mass than did the peripheral cells.

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