A single cell approach to problems of cell lineage and commitment during embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.M. Technau
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Pole Cells ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

The mechanisms leading to the commitment of a cell to a particular fate or to restrictions in its developmental potencies represent a problem of central importance in developmental biology. Both at the genetic and at the molecular level, studies addressing this topic using the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster have advanced substantially, whereas, at the cellular level, experimental techniques have been most successfully applied to organisms composed of relatively large and accessible cells. The combined application of the different approaches to one system should improve our understanding of the process of commitment as a whole. Recently, a method has been devised to study cell lineage in Drosophila embryos at the single cell level. This method has been used to analyse the lineages, as well as the state of commitment of single cell progenitors from various ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal anlagen and of the pole cells. The results obtained from a clonal analysis of wild-type larval structures are discussed in this review.

scholarly journals Single-cell mapping of gene expression landscapes and lineage in the zebrafish embryo

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 360 (6392) ◽  
pp. 981-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Wagner ◽  
Caleb Weinreb ◽  
Zach M. Collins ◽  
James A. Briggs ◽  
Sean G. Megason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Zebrafish Embryo ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Vertebrate Development ◽  
Cell Mapping ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Web Based ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Data ◽  
Germ Layer Formation

High-throughput mapping of cellular differentiation hierarchies from single-cell data promises to empower systematic interrogations of vertebrate development and disease. Here we applied single-cell RNA sequencing to >92,000 cells from zebrafish embryos during the first day of development. Using a graph-based approach, we mapped a cell-state landscape that describes axis patterning, germ layer formation, and organogenesis. We tested how clonally related cells traverse this landscape by developing a transposon-based barcoding approach (TracerSeq) for reconstructing single-cell lineage histories. Clonally related cells were often restricted by the state landscape, including a case in which two independent lineages converge on similar fates. Cell fates remained restricted to this landscape in embryos lacking the chordin gene. We provide web-based resources for further analysis of the single-cell data.

Sequential glycan profiling at single cell level with the microfluidic lab-in-a-trench platform: a new era in experimental cell biology

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 3629-3639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tríona M. O'Connell ◽  
Damien King ◽  
Chandra K. Dixit ◽  
Brendan O'Connor ◽  
Dermot Walls ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Single Cell Level ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
New Era ◽  
Experimental Cell ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Glycan Profiling

It is now widely recognised that the earliest changes that occur on a cell when it is stressed or becoming diseased are alterations in its surface glycosylation.

scholarly journals Bacterial glycocalyx integrity drives multicellular swarm biofilm dynamism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fares Saïdi ◽  
Nicolas Y. Jolivet ◽  
David J. Lemon ◽  
Arnaldo Nakamura ◽  
Anthony G. Garza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Single Cell Level ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Bacterial Surface ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
The Social ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Changes ◽  
Cell Community

ABSTRACTBacterial surface exopolysaccharide (EPS) layers are key determinants of biofilm establishment and maintenance, leading to the formation of higher-order 3D structures conferring numerous survival benefits to a cell community. In addition to a specific EPS glycocalyx, we recently revealed that the social δ-proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus secretes a novel biosurfactant polysaccharide (BPS), with both EPS and BPS polymers required for type IV pilus (T4P)-dependent swarm expansion via spatio-specific biofilm expression profiles. Thus the synergy between EPS and BPS secretion somehow modulates the multicellular lifecycle of M. xanthus. Herein, we demonstrate that BPS secretion functionally-activates the EPS glycocalyx via its destabilization, fundamentally altering the characteristics of the cell surface. This impacts motility behaviours at the single-cell level as well as the aggregative capacity of cells in groups via EPS fibril formation and T4P assembly. These changes modulate structuration of swarm biofilms via cell layering, likely contributing to the formation of internal swarm polysaccharide architecture. Together, these data reveal the manner by which the interplay between two secreted polymers induces single-cell changes that modulate swarm biofilm communities.

scholarly journals Pre-existing neuronal pathways in the leg imaginal discs of Drosophila

Development ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tix ◽  
M. Bate ◽  
G.M. Technau
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Adult Cell ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

Injection of a cell lineage tracer (HRP) into Drosophila embryos before cellularization provides a way of selectively labelling cells at later stages that have undergone only a few mitoses. All cells born and differentiating during embryogenesis become labelled, whereas further proliferation and growth during postembryonic development causes an almost complete dilution of the marker in the adult cell complement. Early born neurons visualized in this way are good candidates for executing a pioneering function during postembryonic differentiation of the adult nervous system. In all three pairs of leg imaginal discs, a stereotyped set of larval sense organs becomes selectively labelled. Their axons fasciculate with a larval nerve, which connects the leg disc with the central nervous system. Larval sense organs are not present in the other imaginal discs. Larval neurons are not present in the transformed antennal discs of Antp 73B flies. Nonetheless adult axons successfully navigate to the base of these discs as they differentiate to form ectopic legs. We conclude that embryonically formed larval nerves are not essential for the guidance of adult axons within the leg discs.

scholarly journals MUTANT GENES REGULATING THE INDUCIBILITY OF KYNURENINE SYNTHESIS

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Rizki
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Suppressor Gene ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
S Allele

Alterations in the cellular synthesis of kynurenine in the larval fatbody of Drosophila melanogaster may be obtained by feeding the precursor tryptophan or by changing the genotype. In the wild type Ore-R strain, autofluorescent kynurenine globules normally occur in the cells in the anterior regions of the fatbody designated as regions 1, 2, and 3. When tryptophan is included in the larval diet, kynurenine will develop throughout the entire fatbody, thus extending to the cells in regions 4, 5, and 6. In the fatbodies of both the sepia mutant strain and the mutant combinations of the suppressible vermilion alleles with the suppressor gene (su2-s, v1 and su2-s, v2), kynurenine is found in the cells from region 1 through region 4. This involvement of additional cells in the synthesis of kynurenine occurs under the usual culture conditions for Drosophila. When sepia larvae are fed tryptophan, kynurenine appears in all of the cells of the fatbody. However, dietary tryptophan does not induce kynurenine production in cells in regions 5 and 6 in the mutant combination su2-s, v1 or su2-s, v2. In the latter strains, an increase in the quantity of kynurenine in the fatbody is detected, but this increase remains limited to the same cells in which kynurenine production is found under normal feeding conditions. When the v36f allele is combined with the su2-s allele, an extremely faint autofluorescence characteristic of kynurenine is found in some of the anteriormost fat cells of regions 1 and 2. This autofluorescence becomes intensified when tryptophan is fed to su2-s, v36f larvae. The genetic control of kynurenine synthesis in the cells of the fatbody of Drosophila melanogaster has been previously demonstrated. The present observations establish genetic regulation of the ability to induce kynurenine production within a cell through the administration of the inducer tryptophan. Kynurenine production has been considered as a unit function of the cell as a whole rather than of the enzyme alone, and it has been concluded that even though cells in different parts of the body perform this same function (kynurenine production), the gene loci regulating this function may be different for cells in different regions of the body. A phenomenon of overlapping domains of gene actions at the cellular level offers a genetic and cellular basis for developmental and physiological homeostasis.

scholarly journals Identification of SNA-I-positive cells as stem-like cells in an established cell line using computerized single-cell lineage tracking

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachiko Sato ◽  
Ann Rancourt ◽  
Masahiko S. Satoh
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Cell Tracking ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Live Cell ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Lineage Tracking

AbstractSingle-cell tracking analysis is a potential research technique for the accurate investigation of cellular behaviors and events occurring within a cell population. However, this analysis is challenging because of a lack of microscope hardware and software suitable for single-cell tracking analysis of a wide range of cell types and densities. We therefore developed a computerized single-cell lineage tracking analysis system based on a microscope optimized for differential interference contrast-based long-term live cell imaging, with software designed to automatically generate live cell videos, perform image segmentation, carry out single-cell tracking, and create and analyze a cell lineage database. We previously reported that minor cell sub-populations (3%–7%) within a cultured cancer cell line could play a critical role in maintaining the cell population. Given that sub-population characterization requires large-scale single-cell tracking analysis, we tracked single cells using the above computerized system and identified a minor cell population (1.5%) composed ofSambucus nigraagglutinin-I-positive cells, which acted as stem-like cells for the established culture. These results demonstrate the potential value of this computerized single-cell lineage tracking analysis system as a routine tool in cell biology, opening new avenues for research aimed at identifying previously unknown characteristics of individual cultured cells with high accuracy.

scholarly journals Dynamical transitions of the actomyosin cortex can trigger single cell morphogenesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongkang Zhu ◽  
Roberto Alonso-Matilla ◽  
Zachary A McDargh ◽  
Ben O'Shaughnessy
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Complex Shape ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Single Cell Level ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
Contractile Forces ◽  
Shape Changes

Morphogenetic changes driven by actomyosin contractile forces are well-characterized at the tissue level. At the single cell level, shape changes steered by actomyosin contractile forces include mitotic rounding and cytokinetic furrow ingression. In some cases, more complex shape transitions associated with spatial patterning of the cortex were observed. The actomyosin cortex was widely studied using active gel frameworks, and stabilized contractile instabilities were shown to generate patterns, but whether complex shapes can emerge from these cortical patterns is not established. Here we show that complex morphogenetic changes at the single cell level can accompany cortical patterns, using a minimal active gel model. For sufficiently low membrane-cortex drag, an initially homogeneous cortex spontaneously develops stripes associated with stable furrows, similar to furrowing observed in cells. Our work suggests that controlled cortical instability can trigger morphogenesis at the cellular level.

scholarly journals Variance-adjusted Mahalanobis (VAM): a fast and accurate method for cell-specific gene set scoring

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (16) ◽  
pp. e94-e94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hildreth Robert Frost
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Technical Noise ◽  
Gene Set ◽  
Gene Set Testing ◽  
New Gene ◽  
A Cell

Abstract Statistical analysis of single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data is hindered by high levels of technical noise and inflated zero counts. One promising approach for addressing these challenges is gene set testing, or pathway analysis, which can mitigate sparsity and noise, and improve interpretation and power, by aggregating expression data to the pathway level. Unfortunately, methods optimized for bulk transcriptomics perform poorly on scRNA-seq data and progress on single cell-specific techniques has been limited. Importantly, no existing methods support cell-level gene set inference. To address this challenge, we developed a new gene set testing method, Variance-adjusted Mahalanobis (VAM), that integrates with the Seurat framework and can accommodate the technical noise, sparsity and large sample sizes characteristic of scRNA-seq data. The VAM method computes cell-specific pathway scores to transform a cell-by-gene matrix into a cell-by-pathway matrix that can be used for both data visualization and statistical enrichment analysis. Because the distribution of these scores under the null of uncorrelated technical noise has an accurate gamma approximation, both population and cell-level inference is supported. As demonstrated using simulated and real scRNA-seq data, the VAM method provides superior classification accuracy at a lower computation cost relative to existing single sample gene set testing approaches.

scholarly journals Single cell transcriptomics view of cell lineage, cell fate and cellular differentiation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfa Ng
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Rna Degradation ◽  
Single Cell Level ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Single Cell Rna Sequencing ◽  
A Cell

Single cell studies increasing reveal myriad cellular subtypes beyond those postulated or observed through optical and fluorescence microscopy as well as DNA sequencing studies. While gene sequencing at the single cell level offer a path towards illuminating, in totality, the different subtypes of cells present, the technique nevertheless does not offer answers concerning the functional repertoire of the cell, which is defined by the collection of RNA transcribed from the genome. Known as the transcriptome, transcribed RNA defines the function of the cell as proteins or effector RNA molecules, while the genome is the collection of all information endowed in the cell type, expressed or not. Thus, a particular cell state, lineage, cell fate or cellular differentiation is more fully depicted by transcriptomic analysis compared to delineating the genomic context at the single cell level. While conceptually sound and could be analysed by contemporary single cell RNA sequencing technology and data analysis pipelines, the relative instability of RNA in view of RNase in the environment would make sample preparation particularly challenging, where degradation of cellular RNA by extraneous factors could provide a misinterpretation of specific functions available to a cell type. Hence, RNA as the de facto functional molecule of the cell defining the proteomics landscape as well as effector RNA repertoire, meant that RNA transcriptomics at the single cell level is the way forward if the goal is to understand all available cell types, lineage, cell fate and cellular differentiation. Given that a cell state is defined by the functions encoded by functional molecules such as proteins and RNA, single cell RNA sequencing offers a larger contextual basis for understanding cellular decision making and functions, for example, proteins are increasingly known to work in concert with RNA effector molecules in enabling a function. Hence, providing a view of the diverse cell types and lineages present in a body, single cell RNA sequencing is only hampered by the high sensitivity required to analyse the small amount of RNA available in single cells, as well as the perennial problem of RNA studies: how to prevent or reduce RNA degradation by environmental RNase enzymes. Ability to reduce RNA degradation would provide the cell biologist a unique view of the functional landscape of different cells in the body through the language of RNA.

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