scholarly journals Ptf1a is essential for the differentiation of GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells and horizontal cells in the mouse retina

Development ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 1151-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Nakhai ◽  
S. Sel ◽  
J. Favor ◽  
L. Mendoza-Torres ◽  
F. Paulsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina

scholarly journals Random spatial patterning of cone bipolar cell mosaics in the mouse retina

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK W. KEELEY ◽  
JASON J. KIM ◽  
SAMMY C.S. LEE ◽  
SILKE HAVERKAMP ◽  
BENJAMIN E. REESE
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Dendritic Arbors ◽  
Cone Bipolar Cells ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

AbstractRetinal bipolar cells spread their dendritic arbors to tile the retinal surface, extending them to the tips of the dendritic fields of their homotypic neighbors, minimizing dendritic overlap. Such uniform nonredundant dendritic coverage of these populations would suggest a degree of spatial order in the properties of their somal distributions, yet few studies have examined the patterning in retinal bipolar cell mosaics. The present study examined the organization of two types of cone bipolar cells in the mouse retina, the Type 2 cells and the Type 4 cells, and compared their spatial statistical properties with those of the horizontal cells and the cholinergic amacrine cells, as well as to random simulations of cells matched in density and constrained by soma size. The Delauney tessellation of each field was computed, from which nearest neighbor distances and Voronoi domain areas were extracted, permitting a calculation of their respective regularity indexes (RIs). The spatial autocorrelation of the field was also computed, from which the effective radius and packing factor (PF) were determined. Both cone bipolar cell types were found to be less regular and less efficiently packed than either the horizontal cells or cholinergic amacrine cells. Furthermore, while the latter two cell types had RIs and PFs in excess of those for their matched random simulations, the two types of cone bipolar cells had spatial statistical properties comparable to random distributions. An analysis of single labeled cone bipolar cells revealed dendritic arbors frequently skewed to one side of the soma, as would be expected from a randomly distributed population of cells with dendrites that tile. Taken together, these results suggest that, unlike the horizontal cells or cholinergic amacrine cells which minimize proximity to one another, cone bipolar cell types are constrained only by their physical size.

scholarly journals The somal patterning of the AII amacrine cell mosaic in the mouse retina is indistinguishable from random simulations matched for density and constrained by soma size

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK W. KEELEY ◽  
BENJAMIN E. REESE
Keyword(s):  
Amacrine Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Soma Size ◽  
Aii Amacrine Cells ◽  
Aii Amacrine ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

AbstractThe orderly spacing of retinal neurons is commonly regarded as a characteristic feature of retinal nerve cell populations. Exemplars of this property include the horizontal cells and the cholinergic amacrine cells, where individual cells minimize the proximity to like-type neighbors, yielding regularity in the patterning of their somata. Recently, two types of retinal bipolar cells in the mouse retina were shown to exhibit an order in their somal patterning no different from density-matched simulations constrained by soma size but being otherwise randomly distributed. The present study has now extended this finding to a type of retinal amacrine cell, the AII amacrine cell. Voronoi domain analysis revealed the patterning in the population of AII amacrine somata to be no different from density-matched and soma-size-constrained random simulations, while analysis of the density recovery profile showed AII amacrine cells to exhibit a minimal intercellular spacing identical to that for those random simulations: AII amacrine somata were positioned side-by-side as often as chance would predict. Regularity indexes and packing factors (PF) were far lower than those achieved by either the horizontal cells or cholinergic amacrine cells, with PFs also being comparable to those derived from the constrained random simulations. These results extend recent findings that call into question the widespread assumption that all types of retinal neurons are assembled as regular somal arrays, and have implications for the way in which AII amacrine cells must distribute their processes to ensure a uniform coverage of the retinal surface.

Modulation by Zn2+ of GABA responses in bipolar cells of the mouse retina

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. KANEDA ◽  
B. ANDRÁSFALVY ◽  
A. KANEKO
Keyword(s):  
Axon Terminal ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Phosphinic Acid ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Induced Responses ◽  
Inhibitory Interaction ◽  
Cell Recording ◽  
Recording Conditions

The localization of endogenous Zn2+ in the mouse retina was examined histochemically and the inhibitory action of Zn2+ on GABA-induced responses was studied in bipolar cells isolated from the mouse retina. Accumulation of endogenous Zn2+ was detected in photoreceptors, bipolar, and/or amacrine cells by either the bromopyridylazo-diethylaminophenol method or the dithizone method. Under whole-cell recording conditions, GABA induced a Cl− current in isolated bipolar cells. The current consisted of two components. The first component was inhibited completely by application of 100 μM bicuculline, suggesting that this is a GABAA-receptor mediated current. The second component was inhibited completely by 100 μM 3-aminopropyl-(methyl)-phosphinic acid, suggesting that this is a GABAC-receptor mediated current. GABAC receptors were present at a higher density on the axon terminal than on dendrites. Zn2+ inhibited both GABAA and GABAC receptors. GABAC receptors were more susceptible to Zn2+; the IC50 for the GABAA receptor was 67.4 μM and that for the GABAC receptor was 1.9 μM. These results suggest that Zn2+ modulates the inhibitory interaction between amacrine and bipolar cells, particularly that mediated by the GABAC receptor.

Mapping photoreceptor and postreceptoral labelling patterns using a channel permeable probe (agmatine) during development in the normal and RCS rat retina

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL KALLONIATIS ◽  
GUIDO TOMISICH ◽  
JOHN W. WELLARD ◽  
LISA E. FOSTER
Keyword(s):  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Inner Retina ◽  
Strong Signal ◽  
Rcs Rat ◽  
Sequential Development ◽  
Nuclear Labelling ◽  
Multiple Samples ◽  
Neurochemical Development

The aim of this study was to determine whether agmatine, a channel permeable probe, can identify photoreceptor dysfunction in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) retina at an earlier stage to that shown by apoptosis or anatomical markers, and also characterize the neurochemical development of the inner retina in the normal and degenerating rat. We used isolated retinas at different ages incubated in physiological media containing agmatine. Subsequently, postembedding immunocytochemistry was used to determine the number of labelled photoreceptors and the labelling pattern within postreceptoral neurons. Agmatine labelling patterns revealed a sequential development of retinal neurons beginning at postnatal day (PND)11/12 with most horizontal cells, a few ganglion and amacrine cells, showing a strong signal. The neurochemical development progressed rapidly, and reflects to a large part the known distribution of glutamate receptors, with inner nuclear labelling being evident by PND14, continuing with the same pattern of labelling in adulthood for the control retina. The RCS retina showed markedly reduced agmatine labelling in the inner retina at PND20. A rapid increase in photoreceptor AGB labelling was evident during the degeneration phase. Multiple samples at PND14 and PND16 confirmed a significant increase of labelled photoreceptors in the RCS retina.

scholarly journals THE FINE STRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE RETINA AND OPTIC NERVE OF RABBITS

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. REALE ◽  
L. LUCIANO ◽  
M. SPITZNAS
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Histochemical Reaction ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Structural Localization

In the rabbit retina acetylcholinesterase activity is localized in the perinuclear cisterna, in the cisternae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus of ganglion cells and amacrine cells. The histochemical reaction is positive also in the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum of some horizontal cells. The highest activity is seen in the internal plexiform layer; because of artifacts caused by the diffusion of the enzyme, a clear demonstration of relation of the positivity to one or the other regular components of this layer, however, is not possible. Myelinated fibers which exhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and are most probably efferent are found in the internal plexiform layer. In the retinal nerve fiber layer and in the optic nerve only a few fibers show a positive reaction.

scholarly journals Synaptic Transfer between Rod and Cone Pathways Mediated by AII Amacrine Cells in the Mouse Retina

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (17) ◽  
pp. 2739-2751.e3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cole W. Graydon ◽  
Evan E. Lieberman ◽  
Nao Rho ◽  
Kevin L. Briggman ◽  
Joshua H. Singer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Aii Amacrine Cells ◽  
Aii Amacrine

scholarly journals Formation of retinal direction-selective circuitry initiated by starburst amacrine cell homotypic contact

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A Ray ◽  
Suva Roy ◽  
Christopher Kozlowski ◽  
Jingjing Wang ◽  
Jon Cafaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Starburst Amacrine Cells ◽  
Developing Neurons

A common strategy by which developing neurons locate their synaptic partners is through projections to circuit-specific neuropil sublayers. Once established, sublayers serve as a substrate for selective synapse formation, but how sublayers arise during neurodevelopment remains unknown. Here, we identify the earliest events that initiate formation of the direction-selective circuit in the inner plexiform layer of mouse retina. We demonstrate that radially migrating newborn starburst amacrine cells establish homotypic contacts on arrival at the inner retina. These contacts, mediated by the cell-surface protein MEGF10, trigger neuropil innervation resulting in generation of two sublayers comprising starburst-cell dendrites. This dendritic scaffold then recruits projections from circuit partners. Abolishing MEGF10-mediated contacts profoundly delays and ultimately disrupts sublayer formation, leading to broader direction tuning and weaker direction-selectivity in retinal ganglion cells. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which differentiating neurons transition from migratory to mature morphology, and highlight this mechanism’s importance in forming circuit-specific sublayers.

Spontaneous Oscillatory Activity of Starburst Amacrine Cells in the Mouse Retina

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 1770-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Petit-Jacques ◽  
Béla Völgyi ◽  
Bernardo Rudy ◽  
Stewart Bloomfield
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Glutamate Release ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Kainate Receptors ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Starburst Amacrine Cells

Using patch-clamp techniques, we investigated the characteristics of the spontaneous oscillatory activity displayed by starburst amacrine cells in the mouse retina. At a holding potential of –70 mV, oscillations appeared as spontaneous, rhythmic inward currents with a frequency of ∼3.5 Hz and an average maximal amplitude of ∼120 pA. Application of TEA, a potassium channel blocker, increased the amplitude of oscillatory currents by >70% but reduced their frequency by ∼17%. The TEA effects did not appear to result from direct actions on starburst cells, but rather a modulation of their synaptic inputs. Oscillatory currents were inhibited by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxalene-2,3-dione (CNQX), an antagonist of AMPA/kainate receptors, indicating that they were dependent on a periodic glutamatergic input likely from presynaptic bipolar cells. The oscillations were also inhibited by the calcium channel blockers cadmium and nifedipine, suggesting that the glutamate release was calcium dependent. Application of AP4, an agonist of mGluR6 receptors on on-center bipolar cells, blocked the oscillatory currents in starburst cells. However, application of TEA overcame the AP4 blockade, suggesting that the periodic glutamate release from bipolar cells is intrinsic to the inner plexiform layer in that, under experimental conditions, it can occur independent of photoreceptor input. The GABA receptor antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline enhanced the amplitude of oscillations in starburst cells prestimulated with TEA. Our results suggest that this enhancement was due to a reduction of a GABAergic feedback inhibition from amacrine cells to bipolar cells and the resultant increased glutamate release. Finally, we found that some ganglion cells and other types of amacrine cell also displayed rhythmic activity, suggesting that oscillatory behavior is expressed by a number of inner retinal neurons.

Glycine stimulates calcium-independent release of 3H-GABA from isolated retinas of Xenopus laevis

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Smiley ◽  
Scott F. Basinger
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Label Density ◽  
Somatostatin 14

AbstractA perfusion system was used to monitor the release of [3H]-GABA from isolated retinas of Xenopus laevis. Measurable release was stimulated by glycine at concentrations as low as 200 μM. Glycine-stimulated release was blocked by strychnine, and was not reduced in “calcium-free” Ringer's solution (0 Ca2+/20 mM Mg2+). Glutamate also stimulated calcium-independent release, using concentrations as low as 100 μM. In contrast, release stimulated by 25 mM potassium was reduced by 80% in calcium-free medium.In most experiments, agonists were applied in six consecutive 4-mm pulses separated by 10-mm washes with Ringer's solution. Under these conditions, the release stimulated by 0.5 mM glutamate or 25 mM potassium decreased by at least 50% from the first to the second pulse, and then gradually decreased with successive applications. In contrast, the response to 0.5 mM glycine at first increased and then only gradually decreased with successive pulses. These patterns of response to different agonists were similar in calcium-free medium.Somatostatin (—14 or —28) also stimulated release, and this effect was inhibited by AOAA, an inhibitor of GABA degradation. In the presence of AOAA, somatostatin had little effect, except at high concentrations of somatostatin (5 μM), which increased both basal and glycine-stimulated release. In contrast to somatostatin, glycine-stimulated release was much larger in the presence of AOAA.Autoradiography was used to investigate which cell types released [3H]-GABA under our conditions. Autoradiograms showed that horizontal cells and a population of apparent “off” bipolar cells were well-labeled by [3H]-GABA high-affinity uptake. In addition, light labeling was seen over numerous amacrine cells. After application of glycine, glutamate, or potassium, there was a decrease in label density over horizontal cells.

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