scholarly journals Identification of a new allele of O-fucosyltransferase 1 involved in Drosophila intestinal stem cell regulation

Biology Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Shi ◽  
Ruiyan Kong ◽  
Zhengran Li ◽  
Hang Zhao ◽  
Rui Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Notch Signaling Pathway ◽  
Notch Receptor ◽  
P Element ◽  
Intestinal Stem Cells ◽  
Genetic Screens ◽  
Stem Cell Regulation ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Forward Genetic Screens

ABSTRACT Adult stem cells are critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. However, how the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are regulated remains not fully understood. Here, we find a mutant, stum 9-3, affecting the proliferation and differentiation of Drosophila adult ISCs in a forward genetic screen for factors regulating the proliferation and differentiation ISCs. stum 9-3 acts through the conserved Notch signaling pathway, upstream of the S2 cleavage of the Notch receptor. Interestingly, the phenotype of stum 9-3 mutant is not caused by disruption of stumble (stum), where the p-element is inserted. Detailed mapping, rescue experiments and mutant characterization show that stum 9-3 is a new allele of O-fucosyltransferase 1 (O-fut1). Our results indicate that unexpected mutants with interesting phenotype could be recovered in forward genetic screens using known p-element insertion stocks.

Notch Signaling in Mammalian Intestinal Stem Cells: Determining Cell Fate and Maintaining Homeostasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao-jie Liang ◽  
Xiang-guang Li ◽  
Xiu-qi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Notch Signaling ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Notch Signaling Pathway ◽  
Notch Receptor ◽  
Intestinal Stem Cells ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Therapy Strategies

: The intestine serves mainly as a place for digestion and absorption and functions as an immune and endocrine organ. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) play critical roles in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and regeneration, and a complex of signaling pathways is involved in these processes. The Notch signaling pathway is induced via distinct cell-to-cell connections, which are activated through the binding of the Notch ligand on the surface of niche cells to the Notch receptor on ISCs. Numerous studies have shown the central importance of Notch signaling in the proliferation and differentiation of ISCs. Here, we summarize the latest research progress on the crucial functions of Notch signaling in maintaining homeostasis and determining the cell fate of ISCs. Furthermore, the challenges of Notch signaling in colon cancer therapy strategies are also discussed. Several important questions regarding Notch regulation of ISCs are proposed.

Application of Nanomaterials in Regulating the Fate of Adipose-derived Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Lang Wang ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
Maorui Zhang ◽  
Kui Huang ◽  
Shuanglin Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Research ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Good Biocompatibility ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
New Treatment

Adipose-derived stem cells are adult stem cells which are easy to obtain and multi-potent. Stem-cell therapy has become a promising new treatment for many diseases, and plays an increasingly important role in the field of tissue repair, regeneration and reconstruction. The physicochemical properties of the extracellular microenvironment contribute to the regulation of the fate of stem cells. Nanomaterials have stable particle size, large specific surface area and good biocompatibility, which has led them being recognized as having broad application prospects in the field of biomedicine. In this paper, we review recent developments of nanomaterials in adipose-derived stem cell research. Taken together, the current literature indicates that nanomaterials can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. However, the properties and regulatory effects of nanomaterials can vary widely depending on their composition. This review aims to provide a comprehensive guide for future stem-cell research on the use of nanomaterials.

scholarly journals Early divergence of mutational processes in human fetal tissues

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. eaaw1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewart Kuijk ◽  
Francis Blokzijl ◽  
Myrthe Jager ◽  
Nicolle Besselink ◽  
Sander Boymans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Mutation Accumulation ◽  
Intestinal Stem Cells ◽  
Adult Liver ◽  
Fetal Tissues ◽  
Genetic Mosaicism ◽  
Human Fetal Tissues ◽  
Mutational Processes

A developing human fetus needs to balance rapid cellular expansion with maintaining genomic stability. Here, we accurately quantified and characterized somatic mutation accumulation in fetal tissues by analyzing individual stem cells from human fetal liver and intestine. Fetal mutation rates were about fivefold higher than in tissue-matched adult stem cells. The mutational landscape of fetal intestinal stem cells resembled that of adult intestinal stem cells, while the mutation spectrum of fetal liver stem cells is distinct from stem cells of the fetal intestine and the adult liver. Our analyses indicate that variation in mutational mechanisms, including oxidative stress and spontaneous deamination of methylated cytosines, contributes to the observed divergence in mutation accumulation patterns and drives genetic mosaicism in humans.

scholarly journals Regulation of Prostatic Stem Cells by Stromal Niche in Health and Disease

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (9) ◽  
pp. 4303-4306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail P. Risbridger ◽  
Renea A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Tumor Stroma ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Stem Cell Regulation ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Tissue Recombination ◽  
Cell Niche

The isolation and characterization of prostatic stem cells has received significant attention in the last few years based on the belief that aberrant regulation of adult stem cells leads to prostate disease including cancer. The nature of the perturbations in stem cell regulation remains largely unknown. Although adult stem cells are can be governed by autonomous regulatory mechanisms, the stromal niche environment also provides essential cues to direct directing differentiation decisions and can lead to aberrant proliferation and/or differentiation. Elegant tissue recombination experiments, pioneered by Gerald Cunha and colleagues, provided evidence that quiescent epithelial tissues containing adult stem cells were capable of altered differentiation in response to inductive and instructive mesenchyme. In more recent times, it has been demonstrated that embryonic mesenchyme is sufficiently powerful to direct the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into mature prostate or bladder. In addition, prostatic tumor stroma provides another unique niche or microenvironment for stem cell differentiation that is distinct to normal stroma. This review highlights the importance of the appropriate selection of the stromal cell niche for tissue regeneration and implies plasticity of adult stem cells that is dictated by the tissue microenvironment.

scholarly journals Role of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Regulating the Behavior of Germline Stem Cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiqin Li ◽  
Meng Wang ◽  
Yanghui Chen ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Junying Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Germline Stem Cells ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Hh Signaling

Germline stem cells (GSCs) are adult stem cells that are responsible for the production of gametes and include spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and ovarian germline stem cells (OGSCs). GSCs are located in a specialized microenvironment in the gonads called the niche. Many recent studies have demonstrated that multiple signals in the niche jointly regulate the proliferation and differentiation of GSCs, which is of significance for reproductive function. Previous studies have demonstrated that the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway participates in the proliferation and differentiation of various stem cells, including GSCs in Drosophila and male mammals. Furthermore, the discovery of mammalian OGSCs challenged the traditional opinion that the number of primary follicles is fixed in postnatal mammals, which is of significance for the reproductive ability of female mammals and the treatment of diseases related to germ cells. Meanwhile, it still remains to be determined whether the Hh signaling pathway participates in the regulation of the behavior of OGSCs. Herein, we review the current research on the role of the Hh signaling pathway in mediating the behavior of GSCs. In addition, some suggestions for future research are proposed.

scholarly journals Two anatomically distinct niches regulate stem cell activity

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (11) ◽  
pp. 2174-2181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Ema ◽  
Toshio Suda
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Cell Regulation ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Stem Cell Regulation ◽  
Cellular Components

Abstract The niche microenvironment controls stem cell number, fate, and behavior. The bone marrow, intestine, and skin are organs with highly regenerative potential, and all produce a large number of mature cells daily. Here, focusing on adult stem cells in these organs, we compare the structures and cellular components of their niches and the factors they produce. We then define the niche as a functional unit for stem cell regulation. For example, the niche possibly maintains quiescence and regulates fate in stem cells. Moreover, we discuss our hypothesis that many stem cell types are regulated by both specialized and nonspecialized niches, although hematopoietic stem cells, as an exception, are regulated by a nonspecialized niche only. The specialized niche is composed of 1 or a few types of cells lying on the basement membrane in the epithelium. The nonspecialized niche is composed of various types of cells widely distributed in mesenchymal tissues. We propose that the specialized niche plays a role in local regulation of stem cells, whereas the nonspecialized niche plays a role in relatively broad regional or systemic regulation. Further work will verify this dual-niche model to understand mechanisms underlying stem cell regulation.

scholarly journals Applications of piggyBac Transposons for Genome Manipulation in Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yi Sun ◽  
Guang Liu ◽  
Yue Huang
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Research ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Genetic Screens ◽  
Gene Therapy Vector ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forward Genetic Screens ◽  
Basic Biology ◽  
Genome Manipulation

Transposons are mobile genetic elements in the genome. The piggyBac (PB) transposon system is increasingly being used for stem cell research due to its high transposition efficiency and seamless excision capacity. Over the past few decades, forward genetic screens based on PB transposons have been successfully established to identify genes associated with drug resistance and stem cell-related characteristics. Moreover, PB transposon is regarded as a promising gene therapy vector and has been used in some clinically relevant stem cells. Here, we review the recent progress on the basic biology of PB, highlight its applications in current stem cell research, and discuss its advantages and challenges.

scholarly journals Effect of Age and Lipoperoxidation in Rat and Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Mario F. Muñoz ◽  
Sandro Argüelles ◽  
Francesco Marotta ◽  
Mario Barbagallo ◽  
Mercedes Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation

A wide range of clinical applications in regenerative medicine were opened decades ago with the discovery of adult stem cells. Highly promising adult stem cells are mesenchymal stem/stromal cells derived from adipose tissue (ADSCs), primarily because of their abundance and accessibility. These cells have multipotent properties and have been used extensively to carry out autologous transplants. However, the biology of these cells is not entirely understood. Among other factors, the regeneration capacity of these cells will depend on both their capacity of proliferation/differentiation and the robustness of the biochemical pathways that allow them to survive under adverse conditions like those found in damaged tissues. The transcription factors, such as Nanog and Sox2, have been described as playing an important role in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Also, the so-called longevity pathways, in which AMPK and SIRT1 proteins play a crucial role, are essential for cell homeostasis under stressful situations. These pathways act by inhibiting the translation through downregulation of elongation factor-2 (eEF2). In order to deepen knowledge of mesenchymal stem cell biology and which factors are determinant in the final therapeutic output, we evaluate in the present study the levels of all of these proteins in the ADSCs from humans and rats and how these levels are affected by aging and the oxidative environment. Due to the effect of aging and oxidative stress, our results suggest that before performing a cell therapy with ADSCs, several aspects reported in this study such as oxidative stress status and proliferation and differentiation capacity should be assessed on these cells. This would allow us to know the robustness of the transplanted cells and to predict the therapeutic result, especially in elder patients, where probably ADSCs do not carry out their biological functions in an optimal way.

scholarly journals mRNA-Expression of ERα, ERβ, and PR in Clonal Stem Cell Cultures Obtained from Human Endometrial Biopsies

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1762-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Schüring ◽  
J. Braun ◽  
S. Wüllner ◽  
L. Kiesel ◽  
M. Götte
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Niche ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Endometrial Stem Cells ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Clonal Cultures ◽  
Cell Niche

Background. Proliferation and differentiation of the endometrium are regulated by estrogen and progesterone. The enormous regenerative capacity of the endometrium is thought to be based on the activity of adult stem cells. However, information on endocrine regulatory mechanisms in human endometrial stem cells is scarce. In the present study, we investigated the expression of ERα, ERβ, and PR in clonal cultures of human endometrial stem cells derived from transcervical biopsies.Methods. Endometrial tissue of 11 patients was obtained by transcervical biopsy. Stromal cell suspensions were plated at clonal density and incubated for 15 days. Expression of ERα, ERβand PR was determined by qPCR prior to and after one cloning round, and normalized to 18 S rRNA expression.Results. Expression of ERαand ERβwas downregulated by 64% and 89%, respectively ( and ). In contrast, PR was not significantly downregulated, due to a more heterogenous expression pattern.Conclusions. Culture of human endometrial stroma cells results in a downregulation of ERαand ERβ, while expression of PR remained unchanged in our patient collective. These results support the hypothesis that stem cells may not be subject to direct stimulation by sex steroids, but rather by paracrine mechanisms within the stem cell niche.

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