scholarly journals No discrimination shock avoidance with sequential presentation of stimuli but shore crabs still reduce shock exposure

Biology Open ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 883-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Magee ◽  
Robert W. Elwood
Keyword(s):  
Shock Avoidance ◽  
Sequential Presentation ◽  
Shore Crabs ◽  
Shock Exposure

Do Sequential Lineups Impair Discriminability?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Philip Kaesler ◽  
John C Dunn ◽  
Keith Ransom ◽  
Carolyn Semmler
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Feature Detection ◽  
Eyewitness Memory ◽  
Simultaneous Presentation ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Sequential Presentation ◽  
Sequential Lineups ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Sequential Lineup ◽  
Lineup Procedures

The debate regarding the best way to test and measure eyewitness memory has dominated the eyewitness literature for more than thirty years. We argue that to resolve this debate requires the development and application of appropriate measurement models. In this study we develop models of simultaneous and sequential lineup presentations and use these to compare the procedures in terms of discriminability and response bias. We tested a key prediction of the diagnostic feature detection hypothesis that discriminability should be greater for simultaneous than sequential lineups. We fit the models to the corpus of studies originally described by Palmer and Brewer (2012, Law and Human Behavior, 36(3), 247-255) and to data from a new experiment. The results of both investigations showed that discriminability did not differ between the two procedures, while responses were more conservative for sequential presentation compared to simultaneous presentation. We conclude that the two procedures do not differ in the efficiency with which they allow eyewitness memory to be expressed. We discuss the implications of this for the diagnostic feature detection hypothesis and other sequential lineup procedures used in current jurisdictions.

scholarly journals Microglial deletion and inhibition alleviate behavior of post-traumatic stress disorder in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuoshuo Li ◽  
Yajin Liao ◽  
Yuan Dong ◽  
Xiaoheng Li ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Minocycline Treatment ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Shock Exposure

Abstract Background Alteration of immune status in the central nervous system (CNS) has been implicated in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the nature of overall changes in brain immunocyte landscape in PTSD condition remains unclear. Methods We constructed a mouse PTSD model by electric foot-shocks followed by contextual reminders and verified the PTSD-related symptoms by behavior test (including contextual freezing test, open-field test, and elevated plus maze test). We examined the immunocyte panorama in the brains of the naïve or PTSD mice by using single-cell mass cytometry. Microglia number and morphological changes in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala were analyzed by histopathological methods. The gene expression changes of those microglia were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Genetic/pharmacological depletion of microglia or minocycline treatment before foot-shocks exposure was performed to study the role of microglia in PTSD development and progress. Results We found microglia are the major brain immune cells that respond to PTSD. The number of microglia and ratio of microglia to immunocytes was significantly increased on the fifth day of foot-shock exposure. Furthermore, morphological analysis and gene expression profiling revealed temporal patterns of microglial activation in the hippocampus of the PTSD brains. Importantly, we found that genetic/pharmacological depletion of microglia or minocycline treatment before foot-shock exposure alleviated PTSD-associated anxiety and contextual fear. Conclusion Our results demonstrated a critical role for microglial activation in PTSD development and a potential therapeutic strategy for the clinical treatment of PTSD in the form of microglial inhibition.

Simultaneous Versus Sequential Presentation in Testing Recognition Memory for Faces

2015 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finley ◽  
Roediger ◽  
Hughes ◽  
Wahlheim ◽  
Jacoby
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Sequential Presentation

Distribution and zonation of shore crabs in the Pulicat lake

1986 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
D R Joel ◽  
P J Sanjeeva Raj ◽  
R Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Pulicat Lake ◽  
Shore Crabs

On the Significance of “Double Encoding” for the Superior Recall of Pictures to Names

1973 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham M. Davies ◽  
J. E. Milne ◽  
B. J. Glennie
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Sequential Presentation ◽  
Picture Condition ◽  
Superior Recall ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Better Than

Ten-year-old children who were shown pictures of objects immediately preceded by the object's name recalled the material no better than those exposed to the names of the stimuli alone. Both conditions yielded significantly poorer retention than those in which pictures alone were presented or pictures followed by their names. A second study replicated this result. In addition this demonstrated, by a picture and name recognition task, that the effects could not be due to subjects in the “name prior to picture” condition ignoring the pictorial component. These results were interpreted as contradicting the “double encoding” explanation of the superiority of pictures to names in free recall. Parallel visual and verbal encoding of a pictured object does not facilitate retention unless the verbal cue is actively elicited from the subject by the stimulus. The implications of this result for other studies which have employed either simultaneous or sequential presentation of pictures and names are briefly discussed.

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