The Mechanism of Increased Blood Flow in the Brain and Spinal Cord During Hemodilution

AbstractMicroglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To more fully understand the role of microglia in EAE we characterized microglial transcriptomes before the onset of motor symptoms (pre-onset) and during symptomatic EAE. We compared the transcriptome in brain, where behavioral changes are initiated, and spinal cord, where damage is revealed as motor and sensory deficits. We used a RiboTag strategy to characterize ribosome-bound mRNA only in microglia without incurring possible transcriptional changes after cell isolation. Brain and spinal cord samples clustered separately at both stages of EAE, indicating regional heterogeneity. Differences in gene expression were observed in the brain and spinal cord of pre-onset and symptomatic animals with most profound effects in the spinal cord of symptomatic animals. Canonical pathway analysis revealed changes in neuroinflammatory pathways, immune functions and enhanced cell division in both pre-onset and symptomatic brain and spinal cord. We also observed a continuum of many pathways at pre-onset stage that continue into the symptomatic stage of EAE. Our results provide additional evidence of regional and temporal heterogeneity in microglial gene expression patterns that may help in understanding mechanisms underlying various symptomology in MS.

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CTNI-03. IMAGING FEATURES OF LEPTOMENINGEAL METASTASES OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER: A SINGLE-CENTER REAL-WORLD STUDY

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.170 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. ii41-ii41

Author(s):

Junjie Zhen ◽

Lei Wen ◽

Shaoqun Li ◽

Mingyao Lai ◽

Changguo Shan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Type A ◽

Brain Parenchyma ◽

Imaging Features ◽

Type B ◽

Type D ◽

Mri Examination ◽

Mri Features ◽

Brain And Spinal Cord ◽

The Brain

Abstract BACKGROUND According to EANO-ESMO clinical practice guidelines, the MRI findings of LM are divided into 4 types, namely linear enhancement (type A), nodular enhancement (type B), linear combined with nodular enhancement (type C), and sign of hydrocephalus (type D). METHODS The MRI features of brain and spinal cord in patients diagnosed with NSCLC-LM in Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital from 2010 until 2019 were investigated, and then were classified into 4 types. The imaging features were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 80 patients were enrolled in the study. The median age of the patients was 53.5 years old, and the median time from the initial diagnosis to the confirmed diagnosis of LM was 11.6 months. The results of enhanced MRI examination of the brain in 79 cases showed that the number of cases with enhancements of type A, B, C and D were 50 (63.3%), 0, 26 (32.9%) and 3 (3.8%), respectively, and that LM with metastases to the brain parenchyma was found in 42 cases (53.2%). The results of enhanced MRI examination of spinal cord in 59 cases showed that there were only enhancements of type A and C in 40 cases (67.8%) and 3 cases (5.0%), and no enhancement sign in the other 16 cases (27.2%). CONCLUSION MRI examination of brain and spinal cord will improve the detection rate of LM. The MRI features of NSCLC-LM in real world are mainly characterized by the linear enhancements of brain and spinal cord, followed by linear combined with nodular enhancement. The enhancements of type B and type D are rare in clinic. Almost half of the patients have LM and metastases to the brain parenchyma. Therefore, the differentiation of tumor metastases is needed to be paid attention to for the early diagnosis and the formulation of reasonable treatment plans.

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Regional blood flow in the brain and spinal cord of hypothermic rats

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1989.257.3.h785 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 257 (3) ◽

pp. H785-H790

Author(s):

T. Sakamoto ◽

W. W. Monafo

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Brain Stem ◽

Regional Blood Flow ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Pentobarbital Sodium ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Group A ◽

Group B ◽

The Brain

[14C]butanol tissue uptake was used to measure simultaneously regional blood flow in three regions of the brain (cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres and brain stem) and in five levels of the spinal cord in 10 normothermic rats (group A) and in 10 rats in which rectal temperature had been lowered to 27.7 +/- 0.3 degrees C by applying ice to the torso (group B). Pentobarbital sodium anesthesia was used. Mean arterial blood pressure varied minimally between groups as did arterial pH, PO2, and PCO2. In group A, regional spinal cord blood flow (rSCBF) varied from 49.7 +/- 1.6 to 62.6 +/- 2.1 ml.min-1.100 g-1; in brain, regional blood flow (rBBF) averaged 74.4 +/- 2.3 ml.min-1.100 g-1 in the whole brain and was highest in the brain stem. rSCBF in group B was elevated in all levels of the cord by 21-34% (P less than 0.05). rBBF, however, was lowered by 21% in the cerebral hemispheres (P less than 0.001) and by 14% in the brain as a whole (P less than 0.05). The changes in calculated vascular resistance tended to be inversely related to blood flow in all tissues. We conclude that rBBF is depressed in acutely hypothermic pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rats, as has been noted before, but that rSCBF rises under these experimental conditions. The elevation of rSCBF in hypothermic rats confirms our previous observations.

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THE PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF STREPTOCOCCI FROM CASES OF POLIOMYELITIS AND OTHER SOURCES

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.25.4.557 ◽

1917 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 557-580 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Carroll G. Bull

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

The Other ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Histological Changes ◽

Other Hand ◽

Brain And Spinal Cord ◽

The Brain

Streptococci cultivated from the tonsils of thirty-two cases of poliomyelitis were used to inoculate various laboratory animals. In no case was a condition induced resembling poliomyelitis clinically or pathologically in guinea pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, or monkeys. On the other hand, a considerable percentage of the rabbits and a smaller percentage of some of the other animals developed lesions due to streptococci. These lesions consisted of meningitis, meningo-encephalitis, abscess of the brain, arthritis, tenosynovitis, myositis, abscess of the kidney, endocarditis, pericarditis, and neuritis. No distinction in the character or frequency of the lesions could be determined between the streptococci derived from poliomyelitic patients and from other sources. Streptococci isolated from the poliomyelitic brain and spinal cord of monkeys which succumbed to inoculation with the filtered virus failed to induce in monkeys any paralysis or the characteristic histological changes of poliomyelitis. These streptococci are regarded as secondary bacterial invaders of the nervous organs. Monkeys which have recovered from infection with streptococci derived from cases of poliomyelitis are not protected from infection with the filtered virus, and their blood does not neutralize the filtered virus in vitro. We have failed to detect any etiologic or pathologic relationship between streptococci and epidemic poliomyelitis in man or true experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey.

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Comparisons of neuroinflammation, microglial activation, and degeneration of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in APP/PS1 and aging mice

Journal of Neuroinflammation ◽

10.1186/s12974-020-02054-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Song Cao ◽

Daniel W. Fisher ◽

Guadalupe Rodriguez ◽

Tian Yu ◽

Hongxin Dong

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Locus Coeruleus ◽

Microglial Activation ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

Cell Types ◽

Norepinephrine System ◽

Protective Processes ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Brain And Spinal Cord ◽

The Brain

Abstract Background The role of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis is becoming increasingly important, as activation of these cell types likely contributes to both pathological and protective processes associated with all phases of the disease. During early AD pathogenesis, one of the first areas of degeneration is the locus coeruleus (LC), which provides broad innervation of the central nervous system and facilitates norepinephrine (NE) transmission. Though the LC-NE is likely to influence microglial dynamics, it is unclear how these systems change with AD compared to otherwise healthy aging. Methods In this study, we evaluated the dynamic changes of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the LC-NE system in the brain and spinal cord of APP/PS1 mice and aged WT mice using immunofluorescence and ELISA. Results Our results demonstrated increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation observed in the cortex, hippocampus, and spinal cord of APP/PS1 compared to WT mice. LC-NE neuron and fiber loss as well as reduced norepinephrine transporter (NET) expression was more evident in APP/PS1 mice, although NE levels were similar between 12-month-old APP/PS1 and WT mice. Notably, the degree of microglial activation, LC-NE nerve fiber loss, and NET reduction in the brain and spinal cord were more severe in 12-month-old APP/PS1 compared to 12- and 24-month-old WT mice. Conclusion These results suggest that elevated neuroinflammation and microglial activation in the brain and spinal cord of APP/PS1 mice correlate with significant degeneration of the LC-NE system.

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ON THE INJURIOUS EFFECT OF THE BABY CARRIAGE ON THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG (1880)

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.70.6.857 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 70 (6) ◽

pp. 857-857

Author(s):

T. E. C.

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

General Rule ◽

Physical Development ◽

Medical Society ◽

County Medical Society ◽

Injurious Effect ◽

The Cost ◽

Brain And Spinal Cord ◽

The Brain

On November 10, 1880, Dr. Henry H. Smith of Philadelphia read a paper before the Philadelphia County Medical Society in which he condemned the use of the baby carriage as follows: The advocates of the use of baby-carriages contend that they are beneficial by keeping an infant longer in the fresh air than can be done when it is carried by a nurse, who soon becomes fatigued. This is certainly not true in many instances, as a woman who is not strong enough to carry an infant, even if it weighs twenty-five pounds, is physically unfitted for her duty as a nurse. Such an objection is very apt to be raised by the nurses themselves, and should be regarded with suspicion by the mother. Often it is evidence of laziness or a fondness for flirtation or talking, as may be noted at any time in our parks or squares, and especially in Rittenhouse Square, where many nurses of wealthy children can be daily seen amusing themselves by the hour, totally regardless of the infant, who may be likewise seen with its head hanging out over the side of the carriage, so as to compress the veins of the neck and induce a certain degree of congestion of the brain, if it is not found in some equally-improper and injurious attitude likely to result in curvature or caries of the spine, the origin or exciting cause of which it is subsequently difficult to recognize. Another evil liable to ensue from the constant use of the baby-carriage is the jarring and concussion of the delicate brain and spinal cord of the infant, created by bouncing the carriage over gutters or up and down the curbstones of our sidewalks.... The baby-carriage mania has now reached that point in Philadelphia that an infant and a coach appear to be inseparable, and, though the cost of a baby-carriage is quite an item in the expenses of the nursery, "few there are so poor as not to do it reverence." Of course, it is admitted that there may be instances where the use of a baby-carriage occasionally by a child able to walk a little, or where the carriage permits a poor, tired mother to obtain for herself a little relaxation whilst keeping her baby in its carriage in the Park, or in the case of feeble children or those recuperating from an attack of illness, is advantageous: but, as a general rule, the anatomical and physiological facts just alluded to may be deemed as sufficient to induce physicians to give attention to the abuse of a custom that is by no means the result of necessity in the case of infants or those under twelve months of age.

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Facial Ganglia - Anatomy, Symptomatology of Lesions and Biological Relevance

Journal of Biomimetics Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.53.41 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 41-50

Author(s):

Ilya Lebedev ◽

Alexander Bragin ◽

Yulia Boldyreva ◽

Artem Borsukov ◽

Alexander Tersenov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Facial Pain ◽

Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

Human Life ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

Living Organism ◽

Sympathetic Ganglia ◽

Historical Background ◽

Brain And Spinal Cord ◽

The Brain

The article summarizes information about the head ganglia (the sympathetic ganglia and in the sensory cranial nerves). Gives а brief historical background on the history issue and relevance of the topic. Characterized by each node with its topography and lesion clinic. The described process of treatment, and prospects for new therapies. Raised the issue of the significance of the defeat ganglia, namely, the suffering of the sick and forced treatment costs (due to the complex differential diagnosis). In a biological sense, pain first appears in chordates and during evolution, as well as transformations of the brain and spinal cord, it acquires new types, localization and significance for the performance of a living organism. And facial pain, being a nosology with a multidisciplinary approach in diagnosis and treatment, demonstrates both its complexity and importance in human life.

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