scholarly journals Glucagon Suppression of Ghrelin Secretion Is Exerted at Hypothalamus-Pituitary Level

2006 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 3528-3533 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Arafat ◽  
F. H. Perschel ◽  
B. Otto ◽  
M. O. Weickert ◽  
H. Rochlitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis ◽  
Pituitary Lesion ◽  
Ghrelin Secretion

Abstract Context: The mechanisms underlying the well-known glucagon-induced satiety effect are unclear. Recently, we showed that glucagon induces a remarkable decrease in the orexigenic hormone ghrelin that might be responsible for this effect. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the putative role of the hypothalamic pituitary axis in glucagon’s suppressive effect on ghrelin secretion. Design, Subjects, and Methods: Prospectively, we studied the endocrine and metabolic responses to im glucagon administration in 22 patients (16 males; age, 21–68 yr; body mass index, 28.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2) with a known hypothalamic-pituitary lesion and at least one pituitary hormone deficiency. Control experiments were performed in 27 healthy subjects (15 males; age, 19–65 yr; body mass index, 25.5 ± 0.9 kg/m2). Results: The suppression of ghrelin by glucagon measured as area under the curve240min was significantly greater in controls when compared with patients (P < 0.01). Although there was a significant decrease in ghrelin in controls (P < 0.001), ghrelin was almost unchanged in patients (P = 0.359). Changes in glucagon, glucose, and insulin levels were comparable between both groups. Conclusions: We show that the hypothalamic-pituitary axis plays an essential role in the suppression of ghrelin induced by im glucagon administration. Glucagon significantly decreases ghrelin levels in healthy subjects. However, in the absence of an intact hypothalamic-pituitary axis, this effect was abolished. The mechanisms responsible for our observation are unlikely to include changes in glucose or insulin levels.

scholarly journals The effect of body mass index on the diagnosis of GH deficiency in patients at risk due to a pituitary insult

2010 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinella Tzanela ◽  
Dimitra Zianni ◽  
Kalliopi Bilariki ◽  
Alexandros Vezalis ◽  
Nikos Gavalas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Gh Deficiency ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Pituitary Function ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Ghrh Test

ObjectivesDiminished GH response to stimulation has been demonstrated in obesity, leading to erroneous diagnosis of GH deficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of body mass index (BMI) on GH responsiveness in patients at risk for pituitary function deficits.MethodsA total of 59 healthy subjects and 75 patients with a pituitary insult underwent insulin tolerance test or pyridostigmine+GHRH test in order to assess GH secretory reserve. Normal subjects and patients were classified as normal weight (BMI <24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI >30 kg/m2).ResultsAll normal individuals with BMI <24.9 kg/m2 demonstrated adequate GH responses, while three of the 21 overweight (14.3%) and nine of the 28 obese subjects (32.1%) did not respond to GH stimulation. Among patients, four of 14 (28.6%) with BMI <24.9 kg/m2, 18 of 22 (81.8%) who were overweight, and 28 of 39 (71.7%) who were obese did not respond to GH stimulation. Of the 46 nonresponder patients with increased BMI, nine (19.6%) had normal insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) values and no other pituitary hormone deficits, raising questions about the accuracy of somatotroph function assessment, while all nonresponders with BMI <24.9 kg/m2 had low IGF1 values and panhypopituitarism.ConclusionsOur results indicate that BMI >25 kg/m2 has a negative effect on GH response not only in normal healthy subjects but also in patients at risk for pituitary function deficit as well. Parameters such as IGF1 levels and anterior pituitary deficits should be taken into account to accurately assess GH status in these patients.

Mechanical effects of obesity on airway responsiveness in otherwise healthy humans

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Torchio ◽  
Alessandro Gobbi ◽  
Carlo Gulotta ◽  
Raffaele Dellacà ◽  
Marco Tinivella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Airway Hyperresponsiveness ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Maximum Expiratory Flow ◽  
Residual Capacity

We investigated whether obesity is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness in otherwise healthy humans and, if so, whether this correlates with a restrictive lung function pattern or a decreased number of sighs at rest and/or during walking. Lung function was studied before and after inhaling methacholine (MCh) in 41 healthy subjects with body mass index ranging from 20 to 56. Breathing pattern was assessed during a 60-min rest period and a 30-min walk. The dose of MCh that produced a 50% decrease in the maximum expiratory flow measured in a body plethysmograph (PD50MCh) was inversely correlated with body mass index ( r2 = 0.32, P < 0.001) and waist circumference ( r2 = 0.25, P < 0.001). Significant correlations with body mass index were also found with the maximum changes in respiratory resistance ( r2 = 0.19, P < 0.001) and reactance ( r2 = 0.40, P < 0.001) measured at 5 Hz. PD50MCh was also positively correlated with functional residual capacity ( r2 = 0.56, P < 0.001) and total lung capacity ( r2 = 0.59, P < 0.001) in men, but not in women. Neither PD50MCh nor body mass index correlated with number of sighs, average tidal volume, ventilation, or breathing frequency. In this study, airway hyperresponsiveness was significantly associated with obesity in otherwise healthy subjects. In obese men, but not in women, airway hyperresponsiveness was associated with the decreases in lung volumes.

Cardioautonomic responses to acute ingestion of ice water and its correlation to body mass index

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
Priya Arjunwadekar ◽  
Savitri Parvatgouda Siddanagoudra
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Ice Water

Abstract Background A significant relationship has been documented in the literature between the autonomic nervous system imbalance and cardiovascular mortality. In patients with autonomic failure, water ingestion has been shown to increase blood pressure (BP), induce bradycardia, and cause low heart rate variability (HRV). A few studies showed the altered HRV as an acute effect of ice water intake in healthy subjects. None of the studies have shown light on the relationship of BP and HRV to ice water intake in obese and overweight subjects. The present study is aimed to correlate BP and HRV with body mass index (BMI) after ice water ingestion. Methods This cross-sectional study included a total of 60 subjects of both sexes aged between 18 and 24 years old. Subjects were assigned into three groups based on their BMI: normal, overweight, and obese. Before and after ice water ingestion, BP and HRV parameters were recorded and compared between the groups. Statistically data were analyzed by Student’s paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Results Basal HF was significant (p<0.05) in all three groups after ice water ingestion [F(2, 27), 44.1; p-value, 0.02]. After ice water ingestion, all HRV values were significant (p<0.001) in the three groups. The post-hoc Tukey HSD test demonstrated the less mean score for mean RR interval, standard deviation of all NN interval, standard deviation of differences between adjacent, HF and high for HR, LF, and LHR in overweight and obese subjects. Conclusions Because of the effective buffering system, healthy subjects showed increased HR and unchanged BP. Overweight and obese subjects showed decreased HR and increased BP.

scholarly journals STATE OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY IN PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA COMBINED WITH OBESITY

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-127
Author(s):  
T.S. Ospanova ◽  
G.V. Yeryomenko ◽  
T.V. Bezditko ◽  
T.Yu. Khimich ◽  
E.O. Bolokadze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Immune Complexes ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Circulating Immune Complexes

Yeryomenko G.V, Ospanova T.S, Khimich T.U, Bezditko T.V, Bolokadze E. O., Mizhiritskaya T.V.Patients with asthma accompanied by obesity in a higher body mass index were found to have an increased “waist/hip volume” ratio as compared to patients with asthma and healthy subjects. Assessment of humoral immunity indices in patients with asthma showed an increase of non-specific (with rising concentrations of immunoglobulins Ig A, M, G) and specific (with a rising level of Ig E) immunity. Patients with comorbidity of asthma and obesity were shown to have differently directed changes in the concentration of the main immunoglobulins: with a decrease in IgA and IgM levels there was a significant increase in IgG concentration. Those changes were accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of circulating immune complexes and an increase in concentration of lymphocyte antibodies in the blood of patients with comorbidity of asthma and obesity. This fact may indicate an aggravating effect of obesity on the course of asthma and a change in the direction of the pathological process to the autoimmune one that should be taken into consideration when treating such patients.Key words: asthma, obesity, humoral immunity СТАН ГУМОРАЛЬНОГО ІМУНІТЕТУ У ПАЦІЄНТІВ НА БРОНХІАЛЬНУ АСТМУ, ПОЄДНАНУ З ОЖИРІННЯМЄрьоменко Г.В., Оспанова Т.С., Хіміч T.Ю, Бездітко Т.В., Болокадзе Є.О., Мижирицька Т.В.У хворих на бронхіальну астму (БА), поєднану з ожирінням, було виявлено, що при більш високому індексі маси тіла в порівнянні з хворими на бронхіальну астму та здоровими особами співвідношення «об'єм талії / об'єм стегон» було достовенно збільшено. При дослідженні стану показників гуморального імунітету у хворих на бронхіальну астму має місце напруження неспецифічного (зі зростанням концентрації імуноглобулінів - Ig А, М, G) і специфічного (зі збільшенням рівня IgЕ) імунітету. У хворих з коморбідністью БА та ожирінням відзначалися різнонаправлені зміни концентрації основних імуноглобулінів: при зменшенні рівнів IgA і IgM зазначалося достовірне збільшення концентрації IgG. Ці зміни супроводжувалися достовірним зменшенням кількості циркулюючих імунних комплексів і збільшенням концентрації лімфоцитарних антитіл в крові хворих з коморбідними станами БА та ожирінням. Даний факт може свідчити про обтяжуючий вплив ожиріння на перебіг БА і про зміну спрямованості патологічного процесу на аутоімунний, що має бути враховано при лікуванні таких хворих.Ключові слова: бронхіальна астма, ожиріння, гуморальний імунітет. СОСТОЯНИЕ ГУМОРАЛЬНОГО ИММУНИТЕТА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С БРОНХИАЛЬНОЙ АСТМОЙ, СОЧЕТАННОЙ С ОЖИРЕНИЕМЕрёменко Г.В., Оспанова Т.С., Химич T.Ю, Бездетко Т.В., Болокадзе Е.А., Мижирицкая Т.В.У больных бронхиальной астмой (БА), сочетанной с ожирением, было выявлено, что при более высоком индексе массы тела по сравнению с больными с БА и здоровыми лицами сооотношение «объем талии/объем бедер» было достовенно увеличено. При исследовании состояния показателей гуморального иммунитета у больных БА имеет место напряжение неспецифического (с возрастанием концентрации иммуноглобулинов – Ig А, М, G) и специфического (с увеличением уровня IgЕ) иммунитета. У больных с коморбидностью БА и ожирения отмечались разнонаправленные изменения концентрации основных иммуноглобулинов: при уменьшении уровней IgA и IgM отмечалось достоверное увеличение концентрации IgG. Эти изменения сопровождались достоверным уменьшением количества циркулирующих иммунных комплексов и увеличением концентрации лимфоцитарных антител в крови больных с коморбидностью БА и ожирением. Данный факт может свидетельствовать об отягощающем влиянии ожирения на течение БА и о смене направленности патологического процесса на аутоиммунный, что должно быть учтено при лечении таких больных.Ключевые слова: бронхиальная астма, ожирение, гуморальный иммунитет

scholarly journals Influence of Body Mass Index and Gender on Growth Hormone (GH) Responses to GH-Releasing Hormone Plus Arginine and Insulin Tolerance Tests

2005 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 1563-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Dan Qu ◽  
Irene T. Gaw Gonzalo ◽  
Mohammed Y. Al Sayed ◽  
Pejman Cohan ◽  
Peter D. Christenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Gh Deficiency ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Insulin Tolerance Test ◽  
Insulin Tolerance ◽  
Stimulation Tests ◽  
And Gender

The aim of this study is to assess whether gender and body mass index (BMI) should be considered in developing thresholds to define GH deficiency, using GH responses to GHRH + arginine (ARG) stimulation and insulin tolerance test (ITT). Thirty-nine healthy subjects (19 males, 20 females; ages 21–50 yr) underwent GHRH + ARG, and another 27 subjects (19 males, 8 females; ages 20–49 yr) underwent ITT. Peak GH response was significantly higher (P = 0.005) after GHRH + ARG than with ITT, and this difference could not be explained by age, gender, or BMI. Peak GH response was negatively correlated with BMI in both tests (GHRH + ARG, r = −0.76; and ITT, r = −0.65). Peak GH response to GHRH + ARG was higher in females than males (P = 0.004; ratio = 2.4), but it was attenuated after eliminating the influence of BMI (P = 0.13; ratio = 1.6). No significant gender differences were found in peak GH responses to ITT, which could be due to the smaller number of female subjects studied. GH response to GHRH + ARG and ITT stimulation is sensitive to BMI differences and less so to gender differences. A higher BMI is associated with a depressed GH response to both stimulation tests. BMI should therefore be considered as a factor when defining the diagnostic cut-off points in the assessment of GH deficiency, whereas whether gender should be likewise used is inconclusive from this study.

scholarly journals Obesity alters the topographical distribution of ventilation and the regional response to bronchoconstriction

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rutting ◽  
S. Mahadev ◽  
K. O. Tonga ◽  
D. L. Bailey ◽  
J. R. Dame Carroll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Airway Closure ◽  
Ventilation Distribution ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Topographical Distribution ◽  
Lung Zone

Obesity is associated with reduced operating lung volumes that may contribute to increased airway closure during tidal breathing and abnormalities in ventilation distribution. We investigated the effect of obesity on the topographical distribution of ventilation before and after methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)-computed tomography (CT) in healthy subjects. Subjects with obesity ( n = 9) and subjects without obesity ( n = 10) underwent baseline and postbronchoprovocation SPECT-CT imaging, in which Technegas was inhaled upright and followed by supine scanning. Lung regions that were nonventilated (Ventnon), low ventilated (Ventlow), or well ventilated (Ventwell) were calculated using an adaptive threshold method and were expressed as a percentage of total lung volume. To determine regional ventilation, lungs were divided into upper, middle, and lower thirds of axial length, derived from CT. At baseline, Ventnon and Ventlow for the entire lung were similar in subjects with and without obesity. However, in the upper lung zone, Ventnon (17.5 ± 10.6% vs. 34.7 ± 7.8%, P < 0.001) and Ventlow (25.7 ± 6.3% vs. 33.6 ± 5.1%, P < 0.05) were decreased in subjects with obesity, with a consequent increase in Ventwell (56.8 ± 9.2% vs. 31.7 ± 10.1%, P < 0.001). The greater diversion of ventilation to the upper zone was correlated with body mass index ( rs = 0.74, P < 0.001), respiratory system resistance ( rs = 0.72, P < 0.001), and respiratory system reactance ( rs = −0.64, P = 0.003) but not with lung volumes or basal airway closure. Following bronchoprovocation, overall Ventnon increased similarly in both groups; however, in subjects without obesity, Ventnon only increased in the lower zone, whereas in subjects with obesity, Ventnon increased more evenly across all lung zones. In conclusion, obesity is associated with altered ventilation distribution during baseline and following bronchoprovocation, independent of reduced lung volumes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using ventilation SPECT-computed tomography imaging in healthy subjects, we demonstrate that ventilation in obesity is diverted to the upper lung zone and that this is strongly correlated with body mass index but is independent of operating lung volumes and of airway closure. Furthermore, methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction only occurred in the lower lung zone in individuals who were not obese, whereas in subjects who were obese, it occurred more evenly across all lung zones. These findings show that obesity-associated factors alter the topographical distribution of ventilation.

Body mass index and ovarian function are associated with endocrine and metabolic abnormalities in women with hyperandrogenic syndrome

2008 ◽  
Vol 158 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Cupisti ◽  
N Kajaia ◽  
R Dittrich ◽  
H Duezenli ◽  
M W Beckmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Homeostatic Model

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate associations of clinical features, such as hirsutism, polycystic ovaries (PCOs), ovulatory dysfunction, and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2, with metabolic abnormalities in hyperandrogenic women.MethodsHirsutism was based on the modified Ferriman–Gallwey score. Ovulatory function was classified as eumenorrhea, oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea, and PCOs were assessed using the ultrasound criteria recommended in the Rotterdam definition. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Different insulin resistance (IR) indices were calculated.ResultsHirsute women had significantly higher BMI, DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) and free androgen index (FAI), and significantly lower values for sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Women with amenorrhea were younger in comparison to women with eumenorrhea and had significantly higher values for fasting insulin (FI) and 1- and 2-h insulin levels; lower values for glucose to insulin ratio (GIR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), and SHBG. Women with PCO had significantly higher levels of LH and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were significantly lower. Women with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 had significantly higher values for age, fasting plasma glucose, FI, and 1- and 2-h glucose and insulin levels, homeostatic model for assessment of IR (HOMA-IR), homeostatic model for assessment of B-cell function (HOMA-B), and FAI, whereas their GIR, insulin sensitivity index, QUICKI, SHBG, and HDL were significantly lower.ConclusionsIn women with hyperandrogenic syndrome, BMI≥25 kg/m2 and amenorrhea appear to be associated with severe endocrine and metabolic abnormalities.

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