scholarly journals Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Disruption: Causes, Metabolic Consequences, and Countermeasures

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 584-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory D. M. Potter ◽  
Debra J. Skene ◽  
Josephine Arendt ◽  
Janet E. Cade ◽  
Peter J. Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Sleep Disruption ◽  
Molecular Clocks ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Dietary Choices ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Daily Cycles ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Abstract Circadian (∼24-hour) timing systems pervade all kingdoms of life and temporally optimize behavior and physiology in humans. Relatively recent changes to our environments, such as the introduction of artificial lighting, can disorganize the circadian system, from the level of the molecular clocks that regulate the timing of cellular activities to the level of synchronization between our daily cycles of behavior and the solar day. Sleep/wake cycles are intertwined with the circadian system, and global trends indicate that these, too, are increasingly subject to disruption. A large proportion of the world's population is at increased risk of environmentally driven circadian rhythm and sleep disruption, and a minority of individuals are also genetically predisposed to circadian misalignment and sleep disorders. The consequences of disruption to the circadian system and sleep are profound and include myriad metabolic ramifications, some of which may be compounded by adverse effects on dietary choices. If not addressed, the deleterious effects of such disruption will continue to cause widespread health problems; therefore, implementation of the numerous behavioral and pharmaceutical interventions that can help restore circadian system alignment and enhance sleep will be important.

Insulin resistance induced by long-term sleep deprivation in rhesus macaques can be attenuated by Bifidobacterium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Yan Shu ◽  
Ning Zhao ◽  
Zili Zhou ◽  
Xiong Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Long-term sleep deprivation (SD) is a bad lifestyle habit, especially among specific occupational practitioners, characterized by circadian rhythm misalignment and abnormal sleep/wake cycles. SD is closely associated with an increased risk of metabolic disturbance, particularly obesity and insulin resistance. The incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), is a critical insulin release determinant secreted by the intestinal L-cell upon food intake. Besides, the gut microbiota participates in metabolic homeostasis and regulates GLP-1 release in a circadian rhythm manner. As a commonly recognized intestinal probiotic, Bifidobacterium has various clinical indications regarding its curative effect. However, few studies have investigated the effect of Bifidobacterium supplementation on sleep disorders. In the present study, we explored the impact of long-term SD on the endocrine metabolism of rhesus monkeys and determined the effect of Bifidobacterium supplementation on the SD-induced metabolic status. Lipids concentrations, body weight, fast blood glucose, and insulin levels increased after SD. Furthermore, after two months of long-term SD, the intravenous glucose tolerance test (iVGTT) showed that the glucose metabolism was impaired and the insulin sensitivity decreased. Moreover, one month of Bifidobacterium oral administration significantly reduced blood glucose and attenuated insulin resistance in rhesus macaques. Overall, our results suggested that Bifidobacterium might be used to alleviate SD-induced aberrant glucose metabolism and improve insulin resistance. Also, it might help in better understanding the mechanisms governing the beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium.

scholarly journals Metabolic and nutritional approach to older frail people

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Volpato ◽  
Giovanni Zuliani
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Frailty Syndrome ◽  
Adequate Nutrition ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Frailty is a common clinical syndrome in older adults that carries an increased risk for poor health outcomes including falls, incident disability, hospitalization, and mortality. It is characterized by multisystem dysregulations, leading to a loss of dynamic homeostasis, decreased physiologic reserve, and increased vulnerability to stressors. A large body of literature suggests several important multisystem pathophysiologic processes in the pathogenesis of the frailty syndrome, including chronic inflammation and immune activation, insulin resistance and those in musculoskeletal and endocrine systems. Currently, no effective pharmaceutical interventions have been developed for the prevention and treatment of the frailty syndrome. Conversely, epidemiological and intervention studies suggest that adequate nutrition and physical exercise might prevent or postpone the onset of frailty and related clinical manifestations.

scholarly journals Circadian molecular clocks tick along ontogenesis

2008 ◽  
pp. S139-S148
Author(s):  
A Sumová ◽  
Z Bendová ◽  
M Sládek ◽  
R El-Hennamy ◽  
K Matějů ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Model ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Molecular Clocks ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Intercellular Coupling ◽  
Peripheral Clocks ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
Formal Properties

The circadian system controls the timing of behavioral and physiological functions in most organisms studied. The review addresses the question of when and how the molecular clockwork underlying circadian oscillations within the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN) and the peripheral circadian clocks develops during ontogenesis. The current model of the molecular clockwork is summarized. The central SCN clock is viewed as a complex structure composed of a web of mutually synchronized individual oscillators. The importance of development of both the intracellular molecular clockwork as well as intercellular coupling for development of the formal properties of the circadian SCN clock is also highlighted. Recently, data has accumulated to demonstrate that synchronized molecular oscillations in the central and peripheral clocks develop gradually during ontogenesis and development extends into postnatal period. Synchronized molecular oscillations develop earlier in the SCN than in the peripheral clocks. A hypothesis is suggested that the immature clocks might be first driven by external entraining cues, and therefore, serve as "slave" oscillators. During ontogenesis, the clocks may gradually develop a complete set of molecular interlocked oscillations, i.e., the molecular clockwork, and become self-sustained clocks.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: A sense of time of the glucocorticoid circadian clock: from the ontogeny to the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 179 (1) ◽  
pp. R1-R18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayrton Custodio Moreira ◽  
Sonir Rauber Antonini ◽  
Margaret de Castro
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Sense Of Time ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Hierarchical Manner

The circadian rhythm of glucocorticoids has long been recognised within the last 75 years. Since the beginning, researchers have sought to identify basic mechanisms underlying the origin and emergence of the corticosteroid circadian rhythmicity among mammals. Accordingly, Young, Hall and Rosbash, laureates of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, as well as Takahashi’s group among others, have characterised the molecular cogwheels of the circadian system, describing interlocking transcription/translation feedback loops essential for normal circadian rhythms. Plasma glucocorticoid circadian variation depends on the expression of intrinsic clock genes within the anatomic components of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which are organised in a hierarchical manner. This review presents a general overview of the glucocorticoid circadian clock mechanisms, highlighting the ontogeny of the pituitary–adrenal axis diurnal rhythmicity as well as the involvement of circadian rhythm abnormalities in the physiopathology and diagnosis of Cushing’s disease.

3. When timing goes wrong

2017 ◽  
pp. 24-44
Author(s):  
Russell G. Foster ◽  
Leon Kreitzman
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Sleep Phase ◽  
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders ◽  
Time Zones ◽  
Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder ◽  
Delayed Sleep Phase ◽  
Delayed Sleep

While time of day, interacting with an individual’s chronotype, can have an important impact upon performance and health, severe disruption of the circadian system adds another level of complexity and severity. ‘When timing goes wrong’ considers the effects of flying across multiple time zones, resulting in jet lag, and shift work on human health. Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption is almost always associated with poor health. Four circadian rhythm sleep disorders have been identified: advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, freerunning, and irregular sleep timing. Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in mental illness and neurodegenerative disease is also discussed.

scholarly journals Genetically Increased Risk of Sleep Disruption in Alzheimer's Disease

SLEEP ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1003-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Craig ◽  
Dominic J. Hart ◽  
A. Peter Passmore
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Sleep Disruption ◽  
Increased Risk

Circadian dysrhythm and advanced prostate cancer.

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 199-199
Author(s):  
Lorelei A. Mucci ◽  
Sarah Markt ◽  
Lara Sigurdardottir ◽  
Steven W. Lockley ◽  
Katja Fall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Advanced Prostate Cancer ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
P Value ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Falling Asleep

199 Background: The circadian rhythm regulates diverse biologic pathways including tumor oncogenes, metabolism, and cell proliferation. Dysregulation of the circadian rhythm arises from faulty input signals such as exposure to light at night, variability in core circadian rhythm genes, and variation in outputs that regulate circadian behavior including melatonin. There is compelling biologic rationale, but little human data, on circadian dysrhythm and advanced prostate cancer. Methods: We undertook an integrative molecular epidemiology study of circadian dysrhythm and advanced prostate cancer among men in the Icelandic AGES-Reykjavik cohort and the U.S. Health Professionals Follow-up Study, which allowed integration of questionnaire data, biorepositories, and long-term follow-up. We characterized circadian dysrhythm using complimentary approaches: information on sleep problems from questionnaires, prediagnostic melatonin (6-sulfatoxymelatonin) measured on first morning void urine samples, and genetic variation across twelve circadian clock genes. We used multivariable regression models to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of associations with advanced prostate cancer, adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Twenty percent of men reported sleep problems. Men who had trouble falling asleep (RR = 2.1; 95% CI 0.7-6.2) and staying asleep (RR=3.2, 95% CI 1.1-9.7) had an increased risk of developing advanced prostate cancer. Men with sleep problems had significantly lower melatonin levels compared to those without. Low melatonin levels were associated with a statistically significant 4-fold higher risk of advanced prostate cancer compared to those with high levels (95% CI: 1.25-10.0). Variant alleles in two SNPs in cryptochrome (CRY1), involved in generating and maintaining circadian rhythms, were significantly associated with risk of advanced prostate cancer in both cohorts, with a gene-level p-value<0.01. Conclusions: Our results suggest there are multiple nodes in the circadian rhythm that are associated with an increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. As such, there is the potential for complimentary strategies to target circadian disruption and reduce the risk of advanced prostate cancer.

Chronic centrifugation (hypergravity) disrupts the circadian system of the rat

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 1266-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Holley ◽  
C. W. DeRoshia ◽  
M. M. Moran ◽  
C. E. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Periodicity Analysis ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Deep Body ◽  
Percent Decrease

The present study was conducted to evaluate the response of rat deep body temperature (DBT) and gross locomotor activity (LMA) circadian rhythms to acute hypergravity onset and adaptation to chronic (14 day) hypergravity exposure over three gravity intensities (1.25, 1.5, and 2 G). Centrifugation of unanesthetized naive animals resulted in a dramatic acute decrease in DBT (-1.45, -2.40, and -3.09°C for the 1.25, 1.5, and 2.0 G groups, respectively). LMA was suppressed for the duration of centrifugation (vs. control period); the percent decrease for each group on days 12-14, respectively, was 1.0 G, -15.2%, P = not significant; 1.25 G, -26.9%, P < 0.02; 1.5 G, -44.5%, P < 0.01; and 2.0 G, -63.1%, P < 0.002. The time required for DBT and LMA circadian rhythmic adaptation and stabilization to hypergravity onset increased from 1.25 to 2.0 G in all circadian metrics except daily means. Periodicity analysis detected the phenomenon of circadian rhythm splitting, which has not been reported previously in response to chronic hypergravity exposure. Our analysis documents the disruptive and dose-dependent effects of hypergravity on circadian rhythmicity and the time course of adaptation to 14-day chronic centrifugation exposure.

Workplace Debt: Sleep Loss

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean D. Humphries
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Patient Safety ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Sleep Loss ◽  
Sleep Disruption ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Safety Strategies ◽  
Normal Sleep

Normal sleep is characterized by definite cycles of varying sleep depths as well as synchrony with the 24-hour circadian rhythm. Irregular work schedules put nurses at risk for sleep disruption, which is associated with adverse health effects as well as decreased patient safety. Strategies based on maintaining normal sleep cycles and the circadian rhythm can help nurses avoid the adverse effects of sleep loss.

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