scholarly journals The CAP Superfamily: Cysteine-Rich Secretory Proteins, Antigen 5, and Pathogenesis-Related 1 Proteins—Roles in Reproduction, Cancer, and Immune Defense

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 865-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard M. Gibbs ◽  
Kim Roelants ◽  
Moira K. O'Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Mannose Receptor ◽  
Branching Morphogenesis ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Peptidase Inhibitor ◽  
Antigen 5

Abstract The cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins (CAP) superfamily members are found in a remarkable range of organisms spanning each of the animal kingdoms. Within humans and mice, there are 31 and 33 individual family members, respectively, and although many are poorly characterized, the majority show a notable expression bias to the reproductive tract and immune tissues or are deregulated in cancers. CAP superfamily proteins are most often secreted and have an extracellular endocrine or paracrine function and are involved in processes including the regulation of extracellular matrix and branching morphogenesis, potentially as either proteases or protease inhibitors; in ion channel regulation in fertility; as tumor suppressor or prooncogenic genes in tissues including the prostate; and in cell-cell adhesion during fertilization. This review describes mammalian CAP superfamily gene expression profiles, phylogenetic relationships, protein structural properties, and biological functions, and it draws into focus their potential role in health and disease. The nine subfamilies of the mammalian CAP superfamily include: the human glioma pathogenesis-related 1 (GLIPR1), Golgi associated pathogenesis related-1 (GAPR1) proteins, peptidase inhibitor 15 (PI15), peptidase inhibitor 16 (PI16), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), CRISP LCCL domain containing 1 (CRISPLD1), CRISP LCCL domain containing 2 (CRISPLD2), mannose receptor like and the R3H domain containing like proteins. We conclude that overall protein structural conservation within the CAP superfamily results in fundamentally similar functions for the CAP domain in all members, yet the diversity outside of this core region dramatically alters target specificity and, therefore, the biological consequences.

scholarly journals Molecular Insights into Defense Responses of Vietnamese Maize Varieties to Fusarium verticillioides Isolates

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 724
Author(s):  
Trang Minh Tran ◽  
Maarten Ameye ◽  
Sofie Landschoot ◽  
Frank Devlieghere ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Related Proteins

Fusarium ear rot (FER) caused by Fusarium verticillioides is one of the main fungal diseases in maize worldwide. To develop a pathogen-tailored FER resistant maize line for local implementation, insights into the virulence variability of a residing F. verticillioides population are crucial for developing customized maize varieties, but remain unexplored. Moreover, little information is currently available on the involvement of the archetypal defense pathways in the F. verticillioides–maize interaction using local isolates and germplasm, respectively. Therefore, this study aims to fill these knowledge gaps. We used a collection of 12 F. verticillioides isolates randomly gathered from diseased maize fields in the Vietnamese central highlands. To assess the plant’s defense responses against the pathogens, two of the most important maize hybrid genotypes grown in this agro-ecological zone, lines CP888 and Bt/GT NK7328, were used. Based on two assays, a germination and an in-planta assay, we found that line CP888 was more susceptible to the F. verticillioides isolates when compared to line Bt/GT NK7328. Using the most aggressive isolate, we monitored disease severity and gene expression profiles related to biosynthesis pathways of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), benzoxazinoids (BXs), and pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). As a result, a stronger induction of SA, JA, ABA, BXs, and PRs synthesizing genes might be linked to the higher resistance of line Bt/GT NK7328 compared to the susceptible line CP888. All these findings could supply valuable knowledge in the selection of suitable FER resistant lines against the local F. verticllioides population and in the development of new FER resistant germplasms.

scholarly journals Unraveling the role of male reproductive tract and haemolymph in cantharidin-exuding Lydus trimaculatus and Mylabris variabilis (Coleoptera: Meloidae): a comparative transcriptomics approach

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliano Fratini ◽  
Marco Salvemini ◽  
Fabrizio Lombardo ◽  
Maurizio Muzzi ◽  
Marco Molfini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Male Reproductive Tract ◽  
Reflex Bleeding ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Conserved Genes ◽  
Blister Beetle

Abstract Background Meloidae (blister beetles) are known to synthetize cantharidin (CA), a toxic and defensive terpene mainly stored in male accessory glands (MAG) and emitted outward through reflex-bleeding. Recent progresses in understanding CA biosynthesis and production organ(s) in Meloidae have been made, but the way in which self-protection is achieved from the hazardous accumulation and release of CA in blister beetles has been experimentally neglected. To provide hints on this pending question, a comparative de novo assembly transcriptomic approach was performed by targeting two tissues where CA is largely accumulated and regularly circulates in Meloidae: the male reproductive tract (MRT) and the haemolymph. Differential gene expression profiles in these tissues were examined in two blister beetle species, Lydus trimaculatus (Fabricius, 1775) (tribe Lyttini) and Mylabris variabilis (Pallas, 1781) (tribe Mylabrini). Upregulated transcripts were compared between the two species to identify conserved genes possibly involved in CA detoxification and transport. Results Based on our results, we hypothesize that, to avoid auto-intoxication, ABC, MFS or other solute transporters might sequester purported glycosylated CA precursors into MAG, and lipocalins could bind CA and mitigate its reactivity when released into the haemolymph during the autohaemorrhaging response. We also found an over-representation in haemolymph of protein-domains related to coagulation and integument repairing mechanisms that likely reflects the need to limit fluid loss during reflex-bleeding. Conclusions The de novo assembled transcriptomes of L. trimaculatus and M. variabilis here provided represent valuable genetic resources to further explore the mechanisms employed to cope with toxicity of CA in blister beetle tissues. These, if revealed, might help conceiving safe and effective drug-delivery approaches to enhance the use of CA in medicine.

The functions of CAP superfamily proteins in mammalian fertility and disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avinash S Gaikwad ◽  
Jinghua Hu ◽  
David G Chapple ◽  
Moira K O’Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Ion Channel ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Lipid Binding ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Protease Inhibition ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Antigen 5

Abstract BACKGROUND Members of the cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPS), antigen 5 (Ag5) and pathogenesis-related 1 (Pr-1) (CAP) superfamily of proteins are found across the bacterial, fungal, plant and animal kingdoms. Although many CAP superfamily proteins remain poorly characterized, over the past decade evidence has accumulated, which provides insights into the functional roles of these proteins in various processes, including fertilization, immune defence and subversion, pathogen virulence, venom toxicology and cancer biology. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The aim of this article is to summarize the current state of knowledge on CAP superfamily proteins in mammalian fertility, organismal homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. SEARCH METHODS The scientific literature search was undertaken via PubMed database on all articles published prior to November 2019. Search terms were based on following keywords: ‘CAP superfamily’, ‘CRISP’, ‘Cysteine-rich secretory proteins’, ‘Antigen 5’, ‘Pathogenesis-related 1’, ‘male fertility’, ‘CAP and CTL domain containing’, ‘CRISPLD1’, ‘CRISPLD2’, ‘bacterial SCP’, ‘ion channel regulator’, ‘CatSper’, ‘PI15’, ‘PI16’, ‘CLEC’, ‘PRY proteins’, ‘ASP proteins’, ‘spermatogenesis’, ‘epididymal maturation’, ‘capacitation’ and ‘snake CRISP’. In addition to that, reference lists of primary and review article were reviewed for additional relevant publications. OUTCOMES In this review, we discuss the breadth of knowledge on CAP superfamily proteins with regards to their protein structure, biological functions and emerging significance in reproduction, health and disease. We discuss the evolution of CAP superfamily proteins from their otherwise unembellished prokaryotic predecessors into the multi-domain and neofunctionalized members found in eukaryotic organisms today. At least in part because of the rapid evolution of these proteins, many inconsistencies in nomenclature exist within the literature. As such, and in part through the use of a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the vertebrate CRISP subfamily, we have attempted to clarify this confusion, thus allowing for a comparison of orthologous protein function between species. This framework also allows the prediction of functional relevance between species based on sequence and structural conservation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS This review generates a picture of critical roles for CAP proteins in ion channel regulation, sterol and lipid binding and protease inhibition, and as ligands involved in the induction of multiple cellular processes.

scholarly journals Virus-infected melon plants emit volatiles that induce gene deregulation in neighboring healthy plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen López-Berenguer ◽  
Livia Donaire ◽  
Daniel Gonzalez-Ibeas ◽  
Cristina Gómez-Aix ◽  
Veronica Truniger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Small Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Watermelon Mosaic Virus ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Protein Encoding ◽  
Pathogenesis Related

It is well described that viral infections stimulate the emission of plant volatiles able to recruit viral vectors thereby promoting virus spread. In contrast, much less is known on the effects that emitted volatiles may have on the metabolism of healthy neighboring plants, which are potential targets for new infections through vector transmission. Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) (genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) is an aphid-transmitted virus endemic in cucurbit crops worldwide. We have compared gene expression profiles of WMV infected melon plants with those of healthy or healthy-but-cohabited-with-infected plants. Pathogenesis-related (PR) and small heat shock protein encoding genes were deregulated in cohabited plants, and PR deregulation depended on the distance to the infected plant. The signaling was short distance in the experimental conditions used, and cohabiting had a moderate effect on the plant susceptibility to WMV. Static headspace experiments showed that benzaldehyde and γ-butyrolactone were significantly over-emitted by WMV-infected plants. Altogether, our data suggests that perception of a volatile signal encoded by WMV-infected tissues triggers a response to prepare healthy tissues or/and healthy neighboring plants for the incoming infections.

scholarly journals Gene expression phylogenies and ancestral transcriptome reconstruction resolves major transitions in the origins of pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Mika ◽  
Camilla M. Whittington ◽  
Bronwyn M. McAllan ◽  
Vincent J Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Major Transitions ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Maternal Provisioning ◽  
Transcriptome Reconstruction

Structural and physiological changes in the female reproductive system underlie the origins of pregnancy in multiple vertebrate lineages. In mammals, for example, the glandular portion of the lower reproductive tract has transformed into a structure specialized for supporting fetal development. These specializations range from relatively simple maternal provisioning in egg-laying monotremes to an elaborate suite of traits that support intimate maternal-fetal interactions in Eutherians. Among these traits are the maternal decidua and fetal component of the placenta, but there is considerable uncertainty about how these structures evolved. We identified the origins of pregnancy utilizing ancestral transcriptome reconstruction to infer functional evolution of the maternal-fetal interface. Remarkably, we found that maternal gene expression profiles are correlated with degree of placental invasion. These results indicate that an epitheliochorial-like placenta evolved early in the mammalian stem-lineage and that the ancestor of Eutherians had a hemochorial placenta, and suggest maternal control of placental invasiveness. Collectively, these data resolve major transitions in the evolution of pregnancy and indicate that ancestral transcriptome reconstruction can be used to study the function of ancestral cell, tissue, and organ systems.

scholarly journals Identifying pathways and networks associated with the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor ACE2 based on gene expression profiles in human tissues

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiushi Feng ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Xiaosheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Expression Correlation ◽  
Host Cell Receptor ◽  
Positive Expression

Abstract The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a host cell receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has infected more than six million people worldwide and has caused more than 370,000 deaths as of May 31, 2020. An investigation of ACE2 expression in human tissues may provide insights into the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We identified pathways associated with ACE2 expression and gene co-expression networks of ACE2 in pan-tissue based on the gene expression profiles in human tissues. We found that the pathways significantly associated with ACE2 upregulation were mainly involved in immune, stromal signature, metabolism, cell growth and proliferation, and cancer and other diseases. The number of genes having a significant positive expression correlation with ACE2 in females far exceeded that in males. The estrogen receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) and androgen receptor (AR) genes had a significant positive expression correlation with ACE2 in pan-tissue. Meanwhile, the enrichment levels of immune cells were positively associated with the expression levels of ESR1 and ESR2, while they were inversely associated with the expression levels of AR in pan-tissue and in multiple individual tissues. It suggests that females are likely to have a more robust immune defense system against SARS-CoV-2 than males, partially explaining why females have better clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections than males. Our data warrant further investigation for understanding the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Regulation of Functional Protein Aggregation by Multiple Factors: Implications for the Amyloidogenic Behavior of the CAP Superfamily Proteins

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6530
Author(s):  
Jie Sheng ◽  
Nick K. Olrichs ◽  
Bart M. Gadella ◽  
Dora V. Kaloyanova ◽  
J. Bernd Helms
Keyword(s):  
Protein Aggregation ◽  
Amyloid Fibrils ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Functional Protein ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Functional Amyloids ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Antigen 5 ◽  
Group 1

The idea that amyloid fibrils and other types of protein aggregates are toxic for cells has been challenged by the discovery of a variety of functional aggregates. However, an identification of crucial differences between pathological and functional aggregation remains to be explored. Functional protein aggregation is often reversible by nature in order to respond properly to changing physiological conditions of the cell. In addition, increasing evidence indicates that fast fibril growth is a feature of functional amyloids, providing protection against the long-term existence of potentially toxic oligomeric intermediates. It is becoming clear that functional protein aggregation is a complexly organized process that can be mediated by a multitude of biomolecular factors. In this overview, we discuss the roles of diverse biomolecules, such as lipids/membranes, glycosaminoglycans, nucleic acids and metal ions, in regulating functional protein aggregation. Our studies on the protein GAPR-1 revealed that several of these factors influence the amyloidogenic properties of this protein. These observations suggest that GAPR-1, as well as the cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5 and pathogenesis-related proteins group 1 (CAP) superfamily of proteins that it belongs to, require the assembly into an amyloid state to exert several of their functions. A better understanding of functional aggregate formation may also help in the prevention and treatment of amyloid-related diseases.

1327: Gene Expression Profiles in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 349-350
Author(s):  
Gaelle Fromont ◽  
Michel Vidaud ◽  
Alain Latil ◽  
Guy Vallancien ◽  
Pierre Validire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Prostatic Hyperplasia
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