scholarly journals Pharmacological and Morphological Evidence of AMPK-Mediated Energy Sensing in the Lower Brain Stem Ependymocytes to Control Reproduction in Female Rodents

Endocrinology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 156 (6) ◽  
pp. 2278-2287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiori Minabe ◽  
Chikaya Deura ◽  
Kana Ikegami ◽  
Teppei Goto ◽  
Makoto Sanbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Energy Sensing ◽  
Lower Brain Stem

Parabrachial nucleus neurons projecting to the lower brain stem and the spinal cord. A study in the cat by the Fink-Heimer and the horseradish peroxidase methods

1980 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiki Takeuchi ◽  
Masanori Uemura ◽  
Kojyuro Matsuda ◽  
Ryotaro Matsushima ◽  
Noboru Mizuno
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Parabrachial Nucleus ◽  
Lower Brain Stem

Lower Brain Stem, Cisterna Magna, Posterior Skull Base

1982 ◽  
pp. 212-225
Author(s):  
Renate Unsöld ◽  
Christoph B. Ostertag ◽  
Jack DeGroot ◽  
Thomas H. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Skull Base ◽  
Cisterna Magna ◽  
Lower Brain Stem

Roles of Inhibition in Creating Complex Auditory Responses in the Inferior Colliculus: Facilitated Combination-Sensitive Neurons

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 3294-3312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Nataraj ◽  
Jeffrey J. Wenstrup
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Auditory Responses ◽  
Auditory Brain Stem ◽  
Neural Interactions ◽  
Lower Brain Stem ◽  
Excitatory Responses ◽  
Sonar Echoes ◽  
Inhibitory Interactions

We studied roles of inhibition on temporally sensitive facilitation in combination-sensitive neurons from the mustached bat's inferior colliculus (IC). In these integrative neurons, excitatory responses to best frequency (BF) tones are enhanced by much lower frequency signals presented in a specific temporal relationship. Most facilitated neurons (76%) showed inhibition at delays earlier than or later than the delays causing facilitation. The timing of inhibition at earlier delays was closely related to the best delay of facilitation, but the inhibition had little influence on the duration or strength of the facilitatory interaction. Local iontophoretic application of antagonists to receptors for glycine (strychnine, STRY) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (bicuculline, BIC) showed that STRY abolished facilitation in 96% of tested units, but BIC eliminated facilitation in only 28%. This suggests that facilitatory interactions are created in IC and reveals a differential role for these neurotransmitters. The facilitation may be created by coincidence of a postinhibitory rebound excitation activated by the low-frequency signal with the BF-evoked excitation. Unlike facilitation, inhibition at earlier delays was not eliminated by application of antagonists, suggesting an origin in lower brain stem nuclei. However, inhibition at delays later than facilitation, like facilitation itself, appears to originate within IC and to be more dependent on glycinergic than GABAergic mechanisms. Facilitatory and inhibitory interactions displayed by these combination-sensitive neurons encode information within sonar echoes and social vocalizations. The results indicate that these complex response properties arise through a series of neural interactions in the auditory brain stem and midbrain.

scholarly journals Dextromethorphan blocks glycine-induced single currents in cultured neurons of the spinal cord and lower brain stem of rats.

1996 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Hidenao Fukushima ◽  
Kazuo Takahama ◽  
Yoichiro Isohama ◽  
Hirofumi Kai ◽  
Takeshi Miyata
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Cultured Neurons ◽  
Lower Brain Stem

Gastric motor and cardiovascular effects of insulin in dorsal vagal complex of the rat

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (5) ◽  
pp. G964-G972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew K. Krowicki ◽  
Nicole A. Nathan ◽  
Pamela J. Hornby
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Pancreatic Polypeptide ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Porcine Insulin ◽  
Dorsal Vagal Complex ◽  
Intragastric Pressure ◽  
Lower Brain Stem ◽  
Motor Effects ◽  
Dorsal Medulla

Insulin-binding sites exist in the lower brain stem of the rat, raising the possibility that the circulating hormone may have cardiovascular and gastric effects at this site. Therefore, we investigated the autonomic effects of applying rat insulin to the surface of the dorsal medulla (0.3 and 3 μU/rat) or microinjecting it into the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) (0.1–10 nU/site) in anesthetized rats. Application of rat insulin to the surface (3 μU/rat) and its microinjection into the DVC (1 and 10 nU/site) both evoked marked, albeit transient, increases in intragastric pressure, pyloric and greater curvature contractile activity, and blood pressure. Much higher doses of human (100 mU) and porcine insulin (3 mU) were needed to evoke modest changes in gastric motor and cardiovascular function when applied to the surface of the dorsal medulla. In addition, a 1,000-fold higher dose of porcine insulin (10 μU) in the DVC was not enough to mimic the autonomic effects of rat insulin microinjected into the same site. The excitatory gastric motor effects of rat insulin in the lower brain stem were abolished by vagotomy, whereas spinal cord transection blocked insulin-evoked increases in blood pressure. To test whether the gastric motor effects of rat insulin in the lower brain stem were caused by potential contamination with pancreatic polypeptide, we microinjected rat pancreatic polypeptide into the DVC at a single dose of 2 pmol. Only a modest increase in intragastric pressure in response to the hormone was observed. Thus it is likely that insulin, through its action in the lower brain stem, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular complications in hyperinsulinemia. In addition, species variations in the amino acid sequence of insulin may affect its biological activity in the brain of different species.

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