scholarly journals The Rise in Growth Hormone during Starvation Does Not Serve to Maintain Glucose Levels or Lean Mass but Is Required for Appropriate Adipose Tissue Response in Female Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel D. Gahete ◽  
José Córdoba-Chacón ◽  
Raúl M. Luque ◽  
Rhonda D. Kineman
Keyword(s):  
Lean Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Adult Onset ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Fat Mobilization ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

In mice, GH levels rise in response to short-term fasting or starvation (food restriction to 40% of ad libitum intake), similar to that which occurs in humans in response to fasting or anorexia. Recent studies using acyl-ghrelin knockout mice have suggested that the rise in GH during food restriction is essential to support glucose levels. To directly test this hypothesis, adult-onset isolated GH deficient (AOiGHD) mice and their GH-replete littermate controls were provided 40% of ad libitum food intake for 11 d. As previously shown, food restriction increased GH levels in controls, and this response was not observed in AOiGHD mice. In both controls and AOiGHD, food restriction resulted in an initial decline in glucose, which stabilized to 82–85% of ad libitum-fed values by d 2. In addition, loss of lean mass in response to food restriction was not altered by GH status. However, the loss of fat mass and the associated rise in circulating free fatty acids and ketones was blunted in starved AOiGHD mice compared with controls. Taken together, these results suggest a rise of GH during starvation is not required to support glucose levels and muscle mass but may be important in supporting fat mobilization.

scholarly journals Butaphosphan Effects on Glucose Metabolism Involve Insulin Signaling and Depends on Nutritional Plan

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Amélia Agnes Weiller ◽  
Joao Alveiro Alvarado-Rincón ◽  
Carolina Bespalhok Jacometo ◽  
Carlos Castilho Barros ◽  
Izabel Cristina Custódio de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Homa Index ◽  
Fat Mobilization ◽  
Reduced Fat ◽  
Epididymal White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Hypercaloric Diet

Butaphosphan is an organic phosphorus compound used in several species for the prevention of rapid catabolic states, however, the mechanism of action remains unclear. This study aimed at determining the effects of butaphosphan on energy metabolism of mice receiving a normal or hypercaloric diet (HCD) and submitted or not to food restriction. Two experiments were conducted: (1) during nine weeks, animals were fed with HCD (n = 28) ad libitum, and at the 10th week, were submitted to food restriction and received butaphosphan (n = 14) or saline injections (n = 14) (twice a day, for seven days) and; (2) during nine weeks, animals were fed with a control diet (n = 14) or HCD (n = 14) ad libitum, and at the 10th week, all animals were submitted to food restriction and received butaphosphan or saline injections (twice a day, for seven days). In food restriction, butaphosphan preserved epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, increased glucose, NEFA, and the HOMA index. In mice fed HCD and submitted to food restriction, the butaphosphan preserved epididymal WAT mass. Control diet influences on PI3K, GCK, and Irs1 mRNA expression. In conclusion, butaphosphan increased blood glucose and reduced fat mobilization in overweight mice submitted to caloric restriction, and these effects are influenced by diet.

Comparative effects of food restriction, fasting, diabetes and thyroidectomy on growth hormone and thyrotropin gene expression in the rat pituitary

1995 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Rodriguez ◽  
Felipe Rodriguez ◽  
Trinidad Jolin ◽  
Pilar Santisteban
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Northern Blot Hybridization ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Rat Pituitary ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Rodriguez M, Rodriguez F, Jolin T, Santisteban P. Comparative effects of food restriction, fasting, diabetes and thyroidectomy on growth hormone and thyrotropin gene expression in the rat pituitary. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:110–6. ISSN 0804–4643 To examine the molecular basis for the decreased pituitary growth hormone (GH) and thyrotropin (TSH) content during restricted feeding, fasting and diabetes, we measured steady-state levels of mRNA for TSH-α TSH-β and GH in the pituitary from normal rats either fed ad libitum (C), limited to 75%, 50% and 25% (FR75, FR50, FR25, respectively) of ad libitum intake, or deprived of food for 2 and 4 days (F2 and F4, respectively), and also in streptozotocin-diabetic (D) and D insulin-treated animals. The results from these experimental groups were compared with those in thyroidectomized (Tx) rats. Pituitary mRNA was quantified by Northern blot hybridization with cDNA probes specific for rat TSH-α, TSH-β and GH. Although changes in the pituitary GH mRNA during restricted feeding, fasting and diabetes were similar qualitatively to those induced by hypothyroidism, GH mRNA levels in Tx rats (> 10% of C values) were less than in the other experimental groups (p < 0.001). Pituitaries from FR50, FR25 and D rats also contained less GH mRNA than F2 and F4 animals (p < 0.05). Thyroidectomy resulted in a marked increase in both TSH-β and TSH-α mRNAs, the changes in TSH-β mRNA being greater than those in TSH-α mRNA. In contrast, FR50, FR2 5, F2, F4 and D rats exhibited a decrease in pituitary TSH-β mRNA (60%, 50%, 35%, 36% and 33%, respectively, of C values; p < 0.01–0.05) and in TSH-α mRNA levels (81%, 64%, 46%, 43% and 36%, respectively, of normal values; p < 0.02–0.05), TSH-β mRNA showing the greater changes. However, pituitaries from F2, F4 and D rats contained less TSH-β and TSH-α mRNA levels than FR50 and FR25 animals (p < 0.05). Insulin therapy partially restored the changes in mRNA for GH, TSH-β and TSH-α observed in D rats. In addition, the pituitary nuclear triiodothyronine in Tx, FR50, FR25, F2, F4 and D rats was reduced to 19%, 73%, 52%, 76%, 51% and 41%, respectively of C values (p < 0.05–0.001). These data suggest that GH, TSH-α and TSH-β gene expression are modulated by metabolic and/or endocrine changes accompanying restricted feeding, fasting and diabetes. P Santisteban, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CSIC, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain

Energy metabolism and aging: a lifelong study of Fischer 344 rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (3) ◽  
pp. E448-E452 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. McCarter ◽  
J. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Fischer 344 Rats ◽  
Fuel Utilization ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Group B ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Metabolic rate is widely regarded as an important component of aging processes, but variation of metabolic rate with age has not been well characterized. The purpose of the present study was to measure daily metabolic rate under usual living conditions over the lifespan of barrier-maintained Fischer 344 rats. In addition, effects of life-prolonging food restriction were assessed. Metabolic rate was measured indirectly by analysis of gas entering and leaving standard rodent cages over a 24-h period. Group A rats were fed ad libitum. Group B rats were fed 60% of ad libitum intake from 6 wk of age. Both group A and group B rats exhibited variation of metabolic rate per unit lean mass over the lifespan, with metabolic rate decreasing from 6 to 18 mo and then increasing from 18 to 24 mo of age. Results show estimates of lifetime energy expenditure in rats should take account of variability of metabolic rate and confirm the life-prolonging action of food restriction is not a consequence of reduced metabolic rate per unit metabolic mass. Rather, restricted rats are able to sustain appropriate fluxes of nutrients and appropriate metabolic rate under conditions of fuel utilization which promote maintenance of cellular homeostasis.

Effect of meal frequency and rate of nutrient supply on the post-feeding behaviour of the pig

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Morgan ◽  
A. B. Lawrence ◽  
E. A. Hunter ◽  
J. D. Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Short Term Effects

AbstractThere have been suggestions that positive feedback from the meal may stimulate the performance of undesirable behaviour, such as stereotypies, in the post-feeding period. The aim of this work was to measure the short-term effects of a meal on the post-feeding behaviour of the pig.Pigs (70 kg live weight) were offered food ad libitum for 7 days and then given a restricted food allowance for 23 days (experiment 1) or 14 days (experiment 2). In experiment 1, the food allowance was given in one, two or three meals per day. In experiment 2, the food allowance was given in two meals per day and comprised ingredients which supplied glucose at different rates (starch, glucose/starch, starch/guar gum). The pigs' posture and behaviour were recorded in three 1-h periods during the day on 2 days consecutively during the ad libitum feeding period (time period 1) and on pairs of days on three (periods 2, 3 and 4: experiment 1) or two (periods 2 and 3: experiment 2) subsequent occasions during food restriction. The meal frequency or estimated rate of glucose supply had no significant effects on posture or behaviour. In both experiments activity increased with the duration of food restriction. In periods 1, 2, 3 and 4 of experiment 1 the proportions of observations spent were: standing 0·244, 0·260, 0·706 and 0·728 (s.e.d. 0·0346); nosing 0·073, 0·094, 0·229 and 0·253 (s.e.d. 0·0169); rooting 0·032, 0·037, 0·108 and 0·133 (s.e.d. 0·0133). In periods 1, 2 and 3 of experiment 2 the proportions were: standing 0·247, 0·302 and 0·446 (s.e.d. 0·0240); nosing 0·045, 0·075 and 0·138 (s.e.d. 0·0113); chewing 0·101, 0·126, 0·155 (s.e.d. 0·0121). In experiment 1 feeding rate increased with duration of restriction (P < 0·001), but was unaffected by treatment. It is concluded that post-feeding behaviour was influenced more by long-term changes in state (i.e. prolonged food restriction) than by short-term effects of the meal.

scholarly journals The Evolutionarily Conserved Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone II Modifies Food Intake

Endocrinology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 686-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Kauffman ◽  
Emilie F. Rissman
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Similar Function ◽  
Structural Variants ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Permissive Role

Abstract GnRH is an evolutionarily conserved peptide of which there are multiple structural variants. One form, GnRH II, is the most widespread in vertebrates, but its primary function remains unclear. In female musk shrews, administration of GnRH II, but not GnRH I, reinstates mating behavior previously inhibited by food restriction. Because this finding suggests that the function of GnRH II may be linked to energetic status, we tested whether GnRH II directly affects food intake. Adult female musk shrews were maintained on ad libitum feeding or food restricted for 48 h, after which they were infused centrally with GnRH I (1 μg), GnRH II (1 μg), or saline. Food intake was recorded 90 min, and 3, 6, 24, and 48 h after infusion. GnRH II administration, but not saline or GnRH I, reduced 24-h food intake in ad libitum animals. Short-term food intake (90 min and 3 h) of both ad libitum and underfed shrews receiving GnRH II was also reduced by as much as 33%, relative to the food intake of saline-infused controls. GnRH I infusion did not affect short-term food intake differently than saline infusion in shrews fed ad libitum. In underfed females, GnRH I had an effect on short-term food intake that was intermediate to saline and GnRH II. We conclude that, in addition to its permissive role in regulating reproduction, GnRH II may also modulate food intake in mammals. Because GnRH II is present in primate brain, it may also serve a similar function in humans.

Effect of Diet on Behaviour of Individually Penned Sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 55-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Cooper ◽  
G.A. Emmans ◽  
N.C. Friggens
Keyword(s):  
Food Restriction ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Food Presentation ◽  
Preliminary Observation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Nutrient Value ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Repetitive Activities

A number of abnormal activities had been observed in a group of 30 lambs (R lambs; 10 Shetland (SH),10 Scottish Blackface (SB) and 10 Welsh Mountain (WM), half females and half entire males), on a restricted allowance (about mature maintenance intake and 0.5 of ad libitum intake), of a high quality pelleted diet (Diet A; 200g/kg crude protein, HMJ/kg ME). The lambs had been individually housed since 8 weeks of age, in pens (2m x lm), made up of metal barred gates with wooden slatted floors. Abnormal oral activities included some that caused obvious husbandry problems, such as wool-biting and slat chewing, and others which caused no overt damage, but may nevertheless be associated with impaired welfare (Cooper and Nicol 1993), such as bar-biting and repetitive licking. In a preliminary observation at 22 weeks of age, lambs only ate in the hour following food presentation (Fig 1), after which all of the allowance had been eaten, and abnormal oral activities were recorded in 30% of scans. Similar repetitive activities, described as “stereotypies” have been associated with food restriction in dry sows (Appleby and Lawrence 1987). In a series of observations, we investigated the effect of increasing weight and nutrient value of the lamb's diet on the incidence of oral stereotypies, whilst minimising any influence on the ongoing feed trial.

scholarly journals Running Head: Heat Affects Cholesterol and Bile Acid Alterations in Cholesterol and Bile Acids Metabolism in Large White Pigs during Short-Term Heat Exposure

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Fang ◽  
Xiaobin Wen ◽  
Qingshi Meng ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Jingjing Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Large White ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Heat stress influences lipid metabolism independently of nutrient intake. It is not well understood how cholesterol and bile acid (BA) metabolism are affected by heat stress. To investigate the alterations of cholesterol and bile acids when pigs are exposed to short term heat stress, 24 Large White pigs (63.2 ± 9.5 kg body weight, BW) were distributed into one of three environmental treatments: control conditions (CON, 23 °C with ad libitum intake; n = 8), heat stress conditions (HS, 33 °C with ad libitum intake; n = 8), or pair-fed conditions (PF, 23 °C with the same amount to the feed consumed by the HS; n = 8) for three days. Compared with CON pigs, HS pigs reduced the average daily feed intake and average daily gain by 55% and 124%, respectively, and significantly increased rectal temperatures by 0.9 °C and respiration rates more than three-fold. The serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG) increased (p < 0.05), while hepatic TC, TG, and mRNA of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase were reduced on day 3. Furthermore, liver taurine-conjugated BAs (TCBAs), including taurolithocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurohyodeoxycholic acid, and taurocholic acid were elevated in HS pigs compared to CON and PF pigs (p < 0.05), and the level of chenodeoxycholic acid was more significant in the PF group than in the CON and HS groups. The concentration of ursodeoxycholic acid in the serum was higher in HS pigs than CON and PF pigs (p < 0.05), and TCDCA was increased in HS pigs compared with PF pigs (p < 0.05). Altogether, short-term HS reduced hepatic cholesterol levels by decreasing cholesterol synthesis, promoting cholesterol to TCBAs conversion, and cholesterol release to serum in growing pigs. This independently reduced feed intake might serve as a mechanism to protect cells from damage during the early period.

Rat muscle structure and metabolism in relation to age and food intake

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (1) ◽  
pp. R89-R93 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. McCarter ◽  
E. J. Masoro ◽  
B. P. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Progressive Loss ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Age changes in oxygen consumption and the structural composition of the lateral omohyoideus muscle were studied in adult male rats. The rate were either fed ad libitum (group A) or 60% of the ad libitum intake (group R). An age-related loss in muscle mass did not occur even at advanced ages in group A or group R rats. Muscle fiber diameter decreased with age in both groups but a concomitant increase in the number of fibers prevented a change in muscle mass. The muscles of group R rats contained the same number of fibers as those of group A rats at all ages. The muscles of group A rats showed a progressive loss in rate of resting oxygen consumption until 18 mo of age. A similar but less marked loss in oxygen consumption occurred in the muscles of group R rats. These results provide further evidence that life-prolonging food restriction modulates physiological changes associated with the aging process.

Does food restriction retard aging by reducing the metabolic rate?

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (4) ◽  
pp. E488-E490 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. McCarter ◽  
E. J. Masoro ◽  
B. P. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Metabolic rate was determined by measuring O2 consumption in two groups of 6-mo-old male rats fed ad libitum (group 1) or maintained on a life-prolonging food-restriction regimen for 4.5 mo (group 2). These measurements were made continuously for 23.75 h under conditions nearly identical to those of the daily life of the rats. The metabolic rate per kilogram lean body mass was the same for both groups, a finding contrary to the hypothesis that food restriction retards the aging process and prolongs life by slowing the metabolic rate per unit of metabolic mass. This and our previous work strongly suggest that the classic views of the action of food restriction on aging must be re-evaluated because retardation of the aging process can occur without the restriction of calories or any other nutrient per unit of lean body mass. The long held belief that reducing food intake lowers the metabolic rate per unit of metabolic mass may be true in short-term dietary programs but appears not to be true when a significant portion of the life span is involved.

scholarly journals Twenty-Four-Hour Leptin Levels Respond to Cumulative Short-Term Energy Imbalance and Predict Subsequent Intake1

2000 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 2685-2691
Author(s):  
Catherine Chin-Chance ◽  
Kenneth S. Polonsky ◽  
Dale A. Schoeller
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cumulative Energy ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

Leptin plays a vital role in the regulation of energy balance in rodent models of obesity. However, less information is available about its homeostatic role in humans. The aim of this study was to determine whether leptin serves as an indicator of short-term energy balance by measuring acute effects of small manipulations in energy intake on leptin levels in normal individuals. The 12-day study was composed of four consecutive dietary-treatment periods of 3 days each. Baseline (BASE) [100% total energy expenditure (TEE)] feeding, followed by random crossover periods of overfeeding (130% TEE) or underfeeding (70% TEE) separated by a eucaloric (100% TEE) washout (WASH) period. The study participants were six healthy, nonobese subjects. Leptin levels serially measured throughout the study period allowed a daily profile for each treatment period to be constructed and a 24-h average to be calculated; ad libitum intake during breakfast“ buffet” following each treatment period was also measured. Average changes in mesor leptin levels during WASH, which were sensitive to energy balance effected during the prior period, were observed. After underfeeding, leptin levels during WASH were 88 ± 16% of those during BASE compared with 135 ± 22% following overfeeding (P = 0.03). Leptin levels did not return to BASE during WASH when intake returned to 100% TEE, but instead were restored (104 ± 21% and 106 ± 16%; not significant) only after subjects crossed-over to complementary dietary treatment that restored cumulative energy balance. Changes in ad libitum intake from BASE correlated with changes in leptin levels (r2 = 0.40; P = 0.01). Leptin levels are acutely responsive to modest changes in energy balance. Because leptin levels returned to BASE only after completion of a complementary feeding period and restoration of cumulative energy balance, leptin levels reflect short-term cumulative energy balance. Leptin seems to maintain cumulative energy balance by modulating energy intake.

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