scholarly journals Minireview: Mitochondrial Energetics and Insulin Resistance

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 950-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony E. Civitarese ◽  
Eric Ravussin
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Membrane Structure ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Mitochondrial Content ◽  
Mitochondrial Mass ◽  
Insulin Resistant

Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and aging are associated with impaired skeletal muscle oxidation capacity, reduced mitochondrial content, and lower rates of oxidative phosphorylation. Several studies have reported ultrastructural abnormalities in mitochondrial morphology and reductions in mitochondrial mass in insulin-resistant individuals. From lower organisms to rodents, mitochondrial membrane structure, function, and programmed cell death are regulated in part by the balance between the opposing forces of mitochondrial fusion and fission, suggesting they may also play an important role in human physiology.

scholarly journals Insulin Resistance in Osteoarthritis: Similar Mechanisms to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V Tchetina ◽  
Galina A Markova ◽  
Eugeniya P Sharapova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Resistant State ◽  
Insulin Resistant State

Osteoarthritis (OA) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are two of the most widespread chronic diseases. OA and T2D have common epidemiologic traits, are considered heterogenic multifactorial pathologies that develop through the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, and have common risk factors. In addition, both of these diseases often manifest in a single patient. Despite differences in clinical manifestations, both diseases are characterized by disturbances in cellular metabolism and by an insulin-resistant state primarily associated with the production and utilization of energy. However, currently, the primary cause of OA development and progression is not clear. In addition, although OA is manifested as a joint disease, evidence has accumulated that it affects the whole body. As pathological insulin resistance is viewed as a driving force of T2D development, now, we present evidence that the molecular and cellular metabolic disturbances associated with OA are linked to an insulin-resistant state similar to T2D. Moreover, the alterations in cellular energy requirements associated with insulin resistance could affect many metabolic changes in the body that eventually result in pathology and could serve as a unified mechanism that also functions in many metabolic diseases. However, these issues have not been comprehensively described. Therefore, here, we discuss the basic molecular mechanisms underlying the pathological processes associated with the development of insulin resistance; the major inducers, regulators, and metabolic consequences of insulin resistance; and instruments for controlling insulin resistance as a new approach to therapy.

Methods of Measuring Insulin Sensitivity

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly K. Trout ◽  
Carol Homko ◽  
Nancy C. Tkacs
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Health Disorders

Insulin resistance is a component of several health disorders, most notably impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin-resistant individuals have an impaired biological response to the usual action of insulin; that is, they have reduced insulin sensitivity. Various methods are used to assess insulin sensitivity both in individuals and in study populations. Validity, reproducibility, cost, and degree of subject burden are important factors for both clinicians and researchers to consider when weighing the merits of a particular method. This article describes several in vivo methods used to assess insulin sensitivity and presents the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Trabecular bone score and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ponce Maria Hayon ◽  
Laguna Mª del Carmen Serrano ◽  
Perez Maria Dolores Aviles ◽  
Beatriz Garcia Fontana ◽  
Sheila Gonzalez Salvatierra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Trabecular Bone Score

Echinops Spp. Polysaccharide B Ameliorates Metabolic Abnormalities in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-114
Author(s):  
Guang Hao ◽  
Xiaoyu Ma ◽  
Mengru Jiang ◽  
Zhenzhen Gao ◽  
Ying Yang
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Insulin Receptor Substrate ◽  
Sprague Dawley

This study examined the in vivo effects of Echinops spp. polysaccharide B on type 2 diabetes mellitus in Sprague-Dawley rats. We constructed a type 2 diabetes mellitus Sprague-Dawley rat models by feeding a high-fat and high-sugar diet plus intraperitoneal injection of a small dose of streptozotocin. Using this diabetic rat model, different doses of Echinops polysaccharide B were administered orally for seven weeks. Groups receiving Xiaoke pill and metformin served as positive controls. The results showed that Echinops polysaccharide B treatment normalized the weight and blood sugar levels in the type 2 diabetes mellitus rats, increased muscle and liver glycogen content, improved glucose tolerance, increased insulin secretion, and reduced glucagon and insulin resistance indices. More importantly, Echinops polysaccharide B treatment upregulated the expression of insulin receptor in the liver, skeletal muscles, and pancreas, and significantly improved the expression levels of insulin receptor substrate-2 protein in the liver and pancreas, as well as it increased insulin receptor substrate-1 expression in skeletal muscles. These two proteins play crucial roles in increasing insulin secretion and in controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus. The findings of the present study suggest that Echinops polysaccharide B could improve the status of diabetes in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats, which may be achieved by improving insulin resistance. Our study provides a new insight into the development of a natural drug for the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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