Historical epidemics and important plant diseases around the world and their impact on civilisation

2017 ◽  
pp. 137-169
Author(s):  
S. G. Borkar
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diseases ◽  
The World

scholarly journals Pivoting the Plant Immune System from Dissection to Deployment

Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 341 (6147) ◽  
pp. 746-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery L. Dangl ◽  
Diana M. Horvath ◽  
Brian J. Staskawicz
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Plant Immune System ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Molecular Components

Diverse and rapidly evolving pathogens cause plant diseases and epidemics that threaten crop yield and food security around the world. Research over the last 25 years has led to an increasingly clear conceptual understanding of the molecular components of the plant immune system. Combined with ever-cheaper DNA-sequencing technology and the rich diversity of germ plasm manipulated for over a century by plant breeders, we now have the means to begin development of durable (long-lasting) disease resistance beyond the limits imposed by conventional breeding and in a manner that will replace costly and unsustainable chemical controls.

scholarly journals Dieback of apricot plantations caused by 'Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum' in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county (Northern-Hungary)

2010 ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Gábor Tarcali ◽  
Emese Kiss ◽  
György J. Kövics ◽  
Sándor Süle ◽  
László Irinyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
Fruit Plantations

Plant diseases caused by phytoplasmas have increasing importance in all over the world for fruit growers. Lately, phytoplasma diseases occur on many fruit varieties and responsible for serious losses both in quality and quantity of fruit production. In the long-run these diseases cause destruction of fruit trees. The apricot phytoplasma disease (Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum) was first reported in Europe in 1924 from France. In 1992 the disease has also been identified in Hungary. On the base of growers' signals serious damages of "Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum" Seemüller and Schneider, 2004 (formerly: European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma) could be observed in different stone fruit plantations in the famous apricot-growing area nearby Gönc town, Northern-Hungary. Field examinations have been begun in 2009 in several stone fruit plantations in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County mainly in Gönc region which is one of the most important apricot growing regions in Hungary, named “Gönc Apricot Growing Area”. Our goals were to diagnose the occurrence of Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum on stone fruits (especially on apricot) in the North-Hungarian growing areas by visual diagnostics and confirm data by laboratory PCR-based examinations. All the 28 collected samples were tested in laboratory trials and at 13 samples from apricot, peach, sour cherry and wild plum were confirmed the presence of phytoplasma (ESFY). On the base of observations it seems evident that the notable losses caused by "Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum" is a new plant health problem to manage for fruit growers, especially apricot producers in Hungary. 

scholarly journals Plant Disease Detection and Localization using GRADCAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 3069-3075
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Disease Detection ◽  
The World ◽  
Detection And Localization ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Made In

Plant diseases are diseases that change or disrupt its important functions. The reduction in the age at which a plant dies is the main danger of plant diseases. And farmers around the world have to face the challenge of identifying and classifying these diseases and changing their treatments for each disease. This task becomes more difficult when they have to rely on naked eyes to identify diseases due to the lack of proper financial resources. But with the widespread use of smartphones by farmers and advances made in the field of deep learning, researchers around the world are trying to find a solution to this problem. Similarly, the purpose of this paper is to classify these diseases using deep learning and localize them on their respective leaves. We have considered two main models for classification called resnet and efficientnet and for localizing these diseases we have used GRADCAM and CAM. GRADCAM was able to localize diseases better than CAM

scholarly journals Respons Awal Ketahanan Jagung terhadap Peronosclerospora maydis dan Induksi Bahan Kimia

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Muhammad Habibullah ◽  
Ani Widiastuti ◽  
Christanti Sumardiyono
Keyword(s):  
Control Plant ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Maize Cultivation ◽  
The World ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Important Disease

Downy mildew is an important disease in maize cultivation in the world. Induced resistance is one of the methods used to control plant diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lignification are plant defense responses. This study aims to determine the potential of chemicals as an inducer by observing ROS responses and lignification of mycelium. The materials used are benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, salicylic acid, thiamine, saccharin and aspirin with concentration 2 g L-1 of distilled water. The ROS reaction is indicated by all treatments induced and inoculated by pathogens. Lignification of mycelium occurred in the treatment of aspirin at 6 hours observation after inoculation and saccharin treatment on observation 12 hours after inoculation. Based on the observation of ROS and lignification of the mycelium, it is suspected that the material tested has the potential to be further tested as an inducer because it has the ability to activate an early marker of plant resistance in the form of ROS reaction and lignification of mycelium. IntisariBulai merupakan penyakit penting dalam budidaya jagung di dunia. Induksi ketahanan adalah salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan penyakit tanaman. Spesies oksigen reaktif (ROS) dan lignifikasi adalah respon pertahanan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi bahan kimia sebagai bahan penginduksi dengan mengamati respons ROS dan lignifikasi miselium. Bahan yang digunakan adalah asam benzoat, natrium benzoat, asam salisilat, tiamin, sakarin dan aspirin dengan konsentrasi 2 g akuades L-1. Reaksi ROS ditunjukkan oleh semua perlakuan yang diinduksi dan diinokulasi oleh patogen. Lignifikasi miselium terjadi pada perlakuan aspirin pada pengamatan 6 jam setelah inokulasi dan perlakuan sakarin pada pengamatan 12 jam setelah inokulasi. Berdasarkan pengamatan ROS dan lignifikasi miselium, diduga bahwa bahan yang diuji memiliki potensi untuk diuji lebih lanjut sebagai bahan penginduksi karena memiliki kemampuan untuk mengaktifkan penanda awal ketahanan tanaman dalam bentuk reaksi ROS dan lignifikasi miselium.

scholarly journals IMMEDIATE APPLY COST-EFFECTIVE EASILY PREPARABLE-AVAILABLE 21STCENTURY POTENTIAL-AYURVEDIC-HERBAL-INTEGRATIVE-MEDICINAL-VACCINE OF COVID-19: ACHIEVED AGRICULTURE HEALTHCARE-SOCIO-ECONOMY SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY COMMUNICATION MECHANISM!

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhas Chandra Datta
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Communication Mechanism ◽  
Artemisia Nilagirica ◽  
New Variant ◽  
The World

The 5th epidemic-COVID-19 spreads all around the world forming total change of the world health, education, research, travel, socioeconomic, and human civilization, and the proper potential vaccine still unknown for the future efficacy of reinfection outbreaks of the vaccinated peoples with manufacturing capacity for the whole world population including new variant also. The poor marginalized society, aged people, street -children, and -animals, are not able to manage and purchase vaccines. And the pandemic must be controlled or managed by every nation; otherwise, a globe is at risk of further outbreaks, and India with the whole world develop a policy to overcome the pandemic-COVID-19. India emphasis on consumption of vegetable as the preventive traditional-ayurvedic-medicines against many naturally-infected-diseases of man, animals and plants caused by various-pathogens, remarkably reducing agricultural productions. The various-pesticides reduce the plant-diseases, but it is not cost-effective and environment-friendly. The present treatment confirms the flowering-meristems of wormwoods-Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp, prepared or developed the ayurvedic-medicine, dissolved in germfree-tap-water applying foliar-spray against plant-diseases, and the molecular-weight of soluble-root-proteins were determined.  The recent treatment confirms once again that the ayurvedic-medicines-prepared from the flowering-meristems of Artemisia nilagirica (Clarke) Pamp are very much effective in controlling different-plant-pathogens caused many-diseases, synthesizing many new PR-proteins (pathogenesis-related-protein), boosting their response of defense naturally against pathogens, and increased growth of plants and protein-content, by confirming the “Immediate Apply Cost-Effective Easily Preparable-Available 21stCentury Potential-Ayurvedic-Herbal-Integrative-Medicinal-Vaccine of COVID-19: Achieved Agriculture Healthcare-Socio-Economy Science Technology Communication Mechanism with Clinical, Physical, Chemical, Biological, Physiological, and Molecular Weight”, by boosting-immunity. And it will be best side-effect-free potential-ayurvedic-COVID-19-Vaccine due to an ultra-diluted-low-dose, and globally develop all aspects in the scientific-basis of the ayurvedic-biomedicines, and it is thought that the present problems of the civilization of human will soon be overcome as early as possible retaining whole world in the new-normal or old-forms against the COVID-19.

Why Plant Diseases Still Scare the World?

2021 ◽  
pp. 265-266
Author(s):  
Maria Lodovica Gullino
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diseases ◽  
The World

scholarly journals Sanitary analysis, transmission and pathogenicity of fungi associated with forage plant seeds in tropical regions of Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gil Rodrigues dos Santos ◽  
Paulo Henrique Tschoeke ◽  
Luciana de Godoi Silva ◽  
Marcela Cristina Agustini Carneiro da Silveira ◽  
Higor Barbosa Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Forage Plant ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
The World ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Major Producer ◽  
Made In

Brazil is a major producer and exporter of beef in the world, 90% of the production is made in pasture and 85% of cultivated pastures in the country are Brachiaria sp. With a growing livestock industry in the recent years, several forage plant diseases became significant importance for causing losses in pasture productivity and quality. This study aims at quantifying the species of fungi associated with seeds and their frequency in forage plants from tropical regions of Brazil. Assays were performed considering: incidence, pathogenicity and seed-seedling transmission of fungi associated with seeds. Therefore, 28 lots of forage species seeds produced in the harvest of 2010-2011 were used. Fourteen genera of fungi associated with seeds were found, among which Bipolaris sp., Phoma sp., and Curvularia sp. had pathogenic potential. It was possible to note that Bipolaris sp., is prejudicial to forage seedlings of Brachiaria, Panicum and Crotalaria. Bipolaris sp. and Curvularia sp. have an average of seed-seedling transmission of 100% and 90%, respectively.

scholarly journals Klasifikasi Penyakit Padi berdasarkan Citra Daun Menggunakan Model Terlatih Resnet101

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1216-1222
Author(s):  
Ulfah Nur Oktaviana ◽  
Ricky Hendrawan ◽  
Alfian Dwi Khoirul Annas ◽  
Galih Wasis Wicaksono
Keyword(s):  
Rice Plant ◽  
Agricultural Extension ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Severe Stage ◽  
Machine Learning Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Rice Disease ◽  
Causes Of Delays

Rice is a staple food source for most countries in the world, including Indonesia. The problem of rice disease is a problem that is quite crucial and is experienced by many farmers. Approximately 200,000 - 300,000 tons per year the amount of rice attacked by pests in Indonesia. Considerable losses are caused by late-diagnosed rice plant diseases that reach a severe stage and cause crop failure. The limited number of Agricultural Extension Officers (PPL) and the Lack of information about disease and proper treatment are some of the causes of delays in handling rice diseases. Therefore, with the development of information technology and computers, it is possible to identify diseases by utilizing Artificial Intelligence, one of which is by using recognition methods based on image processing and pattern recognition technology. The purpose of this research is to create a Machine Learning model by applying the model architecture from Resnet101 combined with the model architecture from the author. The model proposed in this study produces an accuracy of 98.68%.

scholarly journals Current status and prospects of the use of biofungicides against plant diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Albert Akhmedovich Khakimov ◽  
Alisher Urazalievich Omonlikov ◽  
Samad Bobomurod Ugli Utaganov
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
Great Damage

Plant pathogenic microorganisms cause great damage to the yield of agricultural crops and also reduce their commercial quality. This article highlights information on the level of damage caused to agricultural crops by pests, as well as the development of organic agriculture, which in recent years has received great attention in many developed countries. In addition, the data from literature were analyzed on the current state and problems of production of pesticides in the world and their use in agriculture, the use of biofungicides against plant diseases. The importance of synthetic pesticides, as well as, controlling the use of synthetic fungicides, and the use of alternative biofungicides in their replacement were also revealed. The article concludes on the need for public reforms and the role of systematic scientific research in creating a local biopesticides market.

scholarly journals Ecological paradigm of integrated plant management

2019 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
І. Mostovjiak
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pest Monitoring ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
The World ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis

Goal. Analysis and synthesis of the current state of development of integrated plant protection (Integrated Pest Management, IPM) in Europe and Ukraine. Methods System-analytical, abstract-logical, empirical. Results. The basis of agricultural production is the creation of artificial agro-ecosystems with the aim of obtaining the largest possible amount of products and profits per unit area. The productivity of agrobiocenosis is determined by the level of additional technological energy, a significant proportion of which are measures of protection against pests, plant diseases, and weeds. IPM is a reliable pest control paradigm all over the world and has been included in state policy and regulations in the European Union. In line with the EU Framework Directive 2009/128/EC, there are eight IPM principles that all EU members have to comply with strictly from January 2014. They include the prevention and suppression by nonchemical methods, pest monitoring, management. Biological, physical and other non-chemical methods should be used in the first place, and selective pesticides, which have a small negative impact on human health and on useful insects — only if necessary. In order to prevent the development of resistance in pest populations, the use of pesticides should be kept to a minimum by reducing the doses and frequency of their use and the pesticides should be used with different mechanisms of action. It is also important to evaluate the integrated plant protection program. Conclusions. In this paper, information on the history, concepts, principles, components, and methods of integrated plant protection in the world, as well as the application of these methods in Ukraine, was generalized. At present, the implementation of IPM principles in Ukraine is insufficient and requires a systematic approach and a joint action of many parties: scientists, farmers, specialists in the production and marketing of agricultural products, and politicians.

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